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| an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling |
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| a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit(виявляти) unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality. |
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a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way.
(knowing the bus schedule, keeping closet organized, has a daily planner can be a trait of orderliness)
authoritarism- tendency toward political conservation |
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| the traits of the five-factor model:conscientiousness(сумлінність), agreeableness, neuricism, openness to experience and extraversion |
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Openness to experience-imaginative-down to earth
variety-routine; independent-conforming
Conscientiousness, organized-disorganized; careful- careless; self-disciplined- weak-willed.
Extraversion, social-rethring, fun loving-sober, affectianate-reserved
Agreeableness, softhearted-ruthlesss, trusting-suspicious, helpful-uncooperative
Neuroticism, worried- calm, insecure-secure, self-pitying- self-satisfied |
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| an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operative outside of awareness-motives that can also produce emotional disorders. |
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| the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it's the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives |
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| the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands. |
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| the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority |
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| unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats form unacceptable impulses |
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| a defence mech. that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation |
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| A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others |
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| A person�s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment |
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| Social cognitive approach to personality |
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| An approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them |
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| Self-acualization tendency |
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| The human motive toward realizing our inner potential |
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| A phenomenon in which a person�s pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage |
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| Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures |
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A defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development.
ex. the use of baby talk or whining in a child or adult. |
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a defence mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities.
ex. football, and other sports may be construed as culturally sanctioned and valued activities that channel our aggressive drives |
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| Humanistic existential approach to personality |
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| A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual�s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death |
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| a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour |
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| Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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| a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people |
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| a projective personality test in which individual personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unconstructed inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondents' inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure |
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biological processes produce the remarkable stability of traits over a life span. brain damage can produce a personality change. When someone experiences change in personality tests reveal that presence of such pathologies as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, brain tumor.
Biological factor can shape the person's belief about range of social issues, ex. wheather the fear of punishment is effective in determining criminal behaviour. |
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Genes seems to influence most personality traits.
half of variability factors among individuals result from genetic factors, the other half life experiences |
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| Extraverts and Introverts |
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Extraverts may need to seek out social interaction, parties to achieve full mental stimulation
Introverts avoid these situations becaue they are so sensitive that such stimulation is unpleasant. |
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| traits that people use to define themselves self-schemas, emphasizing that they draw info about the self into a coherent scheme |
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| sometimes others may know us better than we know ourselves, but we do have enough self-knowledge to reliably respond to personality inventories and report on our traits and behaviors. These observations draw on what we think about ourselves—our self-concept—and on how we feel about ourselves—our self-esteem. |
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| Psychosexual stages of development of personality |
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**In the first year and a half of life, the infant is in the oral stage, during which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
**Between 2 and 3 years of age, the child moves on to the anal stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training.
**Between the ages of 3 and 5 years, the child is in the phallic stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
**boys in the phallic stage experience the Oedipus conflict, a developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent.
**A more relaxed period in which children are no longer struggling with the power of their sexual and aggressive drives occurs between the ages of 5 and 13, as children experience the latency stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills.
At puberty and thereafter, the fifth and final stage of personality development occurs. This, the genital stage, is the time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner |
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| is the study of the causes and consequences os sociality |
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| Frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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| a principle stating that animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted(зірвано) |
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| behaviour whose purpose is to harm another |
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| positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on their group membership |
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| a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership |
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| Diffusion of responsibility |
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| the tendency for individuals to feel diminished(зменшений) responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way |
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| behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself |
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| the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it |
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| the tendency to do what others people tell us to do |
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| a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person |
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Cognitive dissonance (різноголосиця
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| an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognized the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes and beliefs |
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| a process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong |
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| the tendency for people to cause what they expect to see |
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| the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others |
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| an influence about the cause of a person's behaviour |
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| the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure |
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| Benefits and costs of cooperation |
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Cooperation-behaviour by 2 or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.
-is risky, the prisoner;s dilemma game, trustworthiness is the key |
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| Passionate and compassionate love |
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passionate- an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
companionate-an experience involving affection, trust, and concern's for the person's well-being |
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attraction(feeling of preference) to another caused by situational, physical, and psychological factors
Proximity breeds fondness(Любов близькості порід) |
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| The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person�s behavior was caused by the situation |
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| Situational atrtributions |
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| situational attributions when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened (“He was lucky that the wind carried the ball into the stands” |
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| Dispositional attribution |
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| dispositional attributions when we decide that a person’s behavior was caused by his or her relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way (“He’s got a great eye and a powerful swing”). |
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| Selecting and attracting a mate is a prerequisite for reproduction |
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| the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives |
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| When asked to indicate their race before starting a test, African American students perform more poorly than their SAT scores suggest they should. |
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| is the tendency for people to cause what they expect to see. |
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| is the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self. |
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| which are customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture |
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| is a def. mech. that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite |
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| a def. mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group |
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a def. mech. that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less-thretening alternative.
ex. throw a textbook across the room |
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| is a defence mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or able to cope better. ex our parents |
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