Term
| Freud's 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development |
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Definition
| Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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Term
| B.F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism |
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Definition
| -introduced the key concept of reinforcement; stimuli that increase the frequency of the behavior they follow |
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Term
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Definition
| -increase frequency of behaviors when they are APPLIED |
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Term
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Definition
| -increase frequency of behaviors when they are REMOVED |
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Term
| John Watson's Beliefs About Child Rearing |
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Definition
-founder of american BEHAVIORISM
-believed children's ideas preferences, and skills are shaped by experience
-nurture; the importance of physical and social environments |
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Term
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Definition
-"blank slate"
-John Locke believed children came into the world as a Tabula Rasa
-written on by experience |
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Term
| Purpose of first intelligence testing |
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Definition
-developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
**to identify public school children who were at risk of falling behind their peers in academic achievement |
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Term
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Definition
-present at birth and unconscious
-biological drives and instant gratification |
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Term
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Definition
-conscious sense of self
-develops when children learn of instant gratification consciously |
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Term
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Definition
-develops throughout infancy and early childhood
-monitors intentions and behavior of ego
-right vs wrong |
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Term
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Definition
-a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced
-developed by B.F. Skinner |
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Term
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Definition
-can create feelings of hostility and anger
-does not in itself suggest an alternative acceptable form of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-studies conducted in "the field"
-occurs in the natural, or real-life, settings in which they happen
-blend in with little interference |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's 5 systems of influence on Child Development (narrowest to widest)(MMEMC) |
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Definition
1)Microsystem - interactions of child in the immediate setting i.e. school, home, peer group
2)Mesosystem - interactions of the various settings w/in microsystem; parent teacher conferences, field trips (chaperones), etc.
3)Exosystem-institutions in which the child does not directly participate but which exert an indirect influence on the child i.e. school board, parents workplaces, economic situations, etc
4)Macrosystem-interaction of children with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their cultural settings
5)Chronosystem-the changes that occur over time; effects of divorce, teenage pregnancy, child abuse, juvenile offending, etc. |
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Term
| Ethology (Biological Perspective) |
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Definition
| -concerned with instinctive, or inborn, behavior patterns |
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Term
| Evolutionary Psychology (Biological Perspective) |
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Definition
| -studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior |
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Term
| What factor determines the sex of a child? |
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Definition
-Sex Chromosomes determine the sex of a child
-Shaped Y in males or X female
-we all receive an X shape from our mothers and the father supplies either a Y or an X shape, receive an X and we become female, Y and we develop into males |
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Term
| What factors contribute to Downs Syndrome? |
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Definition
-usually caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair, resulting in 47 chromosomes
-chances increase with age of parents |
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Term
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Definition
| -single celled organism that we begin our life as that divides repeatedly |
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Term
| What group is most susceptible to sickle-cell anemia? |
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Definition
-Sickle Cell Anemia is most common among African Americans
-nearly 1/10 African Americans is a carrier |
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Term
| What is the role of genetic counseling? |
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Definition
-allows couples to see see information about genetic heritage to explore whether their children might develop genetic abnormalities
-helps high risk couples to elect to adopt or not have children rather than to conceive their own |
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Term
| Fetuses in 3rd trimester can learn ____ |
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Definition
-can learn the sound of their mothers voice
-to discriminate pitch of sound waves
-respond to sounds of different frequencies through a variety of movements and changes in heart rate |
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Term
| Teratogens effect on a fetus. |
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Definition
-environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus
-include drugs taken by mother i.e. marijuana and alcohol
-heavy metals
-radiation
-bacteria and viruses |
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Term
| Thalidomide effect on fetus. |
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Definition
| -can cause missing or stunted limbs |
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Term
| Alcohol's effect on fetus. |
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Definition
-deficiencies and deformities in growth
-children of heavy drinkers can develop Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
-often smaller than normal and so are their brains
-resemble those of mental retardation |
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Term
| Cigarettes effect on fetus. |
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Definition
| -can result in impaired motor development, academic delays, learning disabilities, mental retardation, and hyperactivity |
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Term
| Failure to Thrive Syndrome |
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Definition
-disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight
-smaller, less cognitively advanced, and more emotionally disturbed than normal children |
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Term
| At what age can an infant begin ingesting solid foods? |
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Definition
| -solid foods are not recommended until about 4-6 months of age |
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Term
| How should solid foods be introduced to an infant? |
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Definition
| -start off with iron enriched cereal, followed by strained fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry, and fish |
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Term
| How long should a child be breastfed? |
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Definition
| -a child should be breastfed throughout the first year or longer |
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Term
| Differences between breast milk and formulas. |
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Definition
Breast Milk
-improve immune system function
-reduces risk of early breast cancer and ovarian cancer
-helps shrink uterus after delivery
-builds bone strength
Forumulas
-allows for others to feed infant
-breasts are not so sore and tender
-mother is not sole provider of nourishment |
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Term
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Definition
| -chemicals that transmits a neural impulse across a synapse from one neuron to another |
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Term
| What does research reveal about language potential of newborns? |
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Definition
| -Infants show a decline in the ability to discriminate sounds not found in their native language as age increases |
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Term
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Definition
| -Children's ways of perceiving and mentally representing the world |
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Term
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development. |
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Definition
| -Piaget hypothesized that cognitive processes develop in an orderly sequence of stages. Some children may advance quicker than others, but the sequence remains constant. |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development. |
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Definition
-sensorimotor - first 2 years of CG; reflexes
-preoperational
-concrete operational
-formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
| -recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view |
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Term
| Infant memory experiences in womb. |
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Definition
-they can respond to stimuli to which they have been previously exposed
-ex. neonates adjusting their rate of sucking to hear a recording of their mother reading a story she had read aloud during the last weeks of pregancy |
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Term
| What is the earliest communicative sound a child can make? |
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Definition
-Babbling
-frequently combine consonants and vowels ga, ba, da, etc |
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Term
| Sensitive periods for learning languages. |
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Definition
-Sensitive periods begin at about 18-24 months and last until puberty
-language learning is most efficient here
-neural development provides elasticity for the brain |
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Term
| Ainsworth studied child attachment using what research method? |
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Definition
-"strange situation method"
-infant is exposed to series of separations and reunions with a caregiver (mother) and a stranger |
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Term
| Patterns of play: mothers vs fathers |
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Definition
Mothers
--more likely to play games involving toys, and patty-cake, and peek-a-boo
Fathers
-more likely to play with children than to feed or clean them
-more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play |
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Term
| Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiment |
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Definition
-a need for contact comfort as much as they have a need for food
-wire mother vs cloth mother
-infant monkeys went to cloth mother |
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Term
| Outcomes of child abuse on self esteem. |
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Definition
-more aggressive, angry, and noncompliant
-lower self esteem and perform more poorly in school |
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Term
| Characteristics of Autism and treatment modalities. |
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Definition
-impairment in communication skills and social interaction, extreme aloneness, preservation of sameness, ritualistic behavior
-drugs, principles of learning, behavior modification, etc. can help treat autism |
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Term
| Benefits of attending day care. |
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Definition
-become more peer oriented and play at higher developmental levels than do home-reared infants
-more likely to share
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Term
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Definition
-a stable way of reacting and adapting to the world that is present early in life
-'easy', 'difficult', and 'slow to warm up'
-there is moderate consistency in the development of temperament from infancy onward |
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