-Awareness of one's surroundings, thoughts/feelings, and self 

-Subjective and private

-Dynamic

-Reflective (central to sense of self)

Freud's Theories

-3 levels of awareness

1. Conscious-What we are aware of

2. Preconscious- mental events outside of conscious awareness, but can be easily recalled (e.g. memories)

3. Unconscious- Cannot be brought to conscious awareness except through psychoanalysis (Freud really liked this one)

Two Types of Cognitive Perspective

Controlled (Conscious Processing)

-Effortful

-Flexible

Automatic (Unconscious Processing)

-Adaptive

-Efficient

-Habitual (non-flexible)

-Divided Attention

-**You don't have to think about sitting up straight, you just do it without thinking**

You can't process everything!

-Focus on specific stimuli

-Cocktail party effect

  >Last time you were at a basketball game, there is people around you talking and laughing but you can still look forward and watch the game or talk to the person next to you with full attention.

You don't see what you don't pay attention to!

Perceptual load modeling

-Demaning task-consume our attentional capacity

-Minimally demanding tasks- more distractions

Change Blindness

-How many people would notice if the professor was changed to a man?

Visual Agnosia

-"A"= without "gnosis"= knowlege

-Can see, but cannot understand what he/she sees

-The Man Who Mistook HIs Wife for a Hat-Oliver Sacks

Blindsight

-Reports that he/she is blind

-Reacts to stimuli placed in the individual's "blind" field of vision.

-->EX. Nerf ball at them, they can catch that

--> Walking to the other side of the room, they can make it, they just have to go through obstacles.

Piming

-Exposure to a stimulus affects how you respond to future stimuli

-Usually a word list or series of pictures.

Emotional Unconsciousness

-Events outside of your awareness can influence your mood 

-Focus of modern psychodynamic psychology

-->**Basically saying things that happen can put you in a bad mood. Such as little things that upset you and put you in a bad mood.

How long can you pay attention to the same thing

Continuous Performance Test (CPT) Research

Maximum is about 15 minutes, declines after 5-7

Implications?

-When a professor switches to a video on the subject to keep you attentive. This can help you keep attention. 

VIDEO-Driving Stimuli

-Talking on the phone and missing the exit

-Talking with a passenger- they helped find the exit

-Texting a "demanding task"- they crashed!

This is purposefully bringing you're attention to a specific thing

-Calming effect

-Stabilize Concentration

-Increase Focus

-Enhance awareness

-Differences in brain activity

-->Last four months

***Exercise on Meditation***

No single area of the brain creates consciousness

Parallel processing in different "modules"

Consciousness as the unified activity of multiple modules

***A Workshop where you can think about things.

Circandian Rhythm 

(Sleep)

Sleep wake cycle

Feeding

Hormone Production

Cellular Regeneration

***Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)--Pineal Gland-->Melatonin

    -Basically it gathers the amount of information about the amount of sunlight-> creating the sleep pattern

    -Regulates when you need to fall asleep

    -Things that can interfere are bright lights on in your house or the TV on when you fall asleep

    -After a meal melatonin is sent and you usually get sleepy

    -The SCN coordinates your patterns for being awake and being asleep.

Jet Lag

Night-Shift Work

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

   -Subtype of 

   - Supposedly going tanning can help with "winter blues"

Alert and aware

Beta Waves

Decrease alertness and awareness

   - This is when Alpha waves start

Still awake 

Alpha Waves

No longer responsive to the outside world

Light-Sleep roused 

Alpha waves decrease and are replaced by theta waves

***When you feel like you are falling and you burst awake you are in this stage**

Mostly Alpha and Theta waves

Deeper level of sleep- becoming less easy to rouse

Theta waves continue

Bursts of sleep spindles and K-Complexes

Mostly theta waves

# of sleep spindles and K-Complexes decrease

Increase in delta waves

Theta and Delta

No sleep spindles or K-Complexes

Deepest Level of sleep

Most difficult to awaken

All delta waves

REM

(Rapis Eye Movement)

Thought to indicate dreaming

Brain almost as active as when fully awake

Bodily Resoration

  -Reduction of cellular waste (adenosine)

  -Production of enzymes

  -Decreased Metabolism

Learning and Memory

  -Memory Consolidation

  -Task learning replayed during sleep

Evolutionarily Advantages

Decreases everyday functioning

  -Impacts mood, cognitive abilities and performance

  -increase in automobile accidents

Affects your circadian rhythm

Builds your sleep debt

Symptoms similar to psychosis

  -Hallucinations, loose associations between thoughts, illogical thoughs/speech, atypical behavior

Microsleep

Fatal familial insomnia- very rare (100 cases)

  -Stage 1: psychological sx cause by insomnia

  -Stage 2: sx of psychosis; panic attacks

  -Stage 3: Rapid weight loss; complete inability to sleep

  -Stage 4: Progressive dementia followed by death

Insomnia

(Sleep Disorder)

Symptoms

  -  >20 to fall asleep

  -Trouble staying asleep

  -Not feeling rested for 2+ days/week

Causes?

  -Poor sleep habits

  -Restless leg syndrome

  -Depression

  -Alcohol/Drugs

  -Iron Deficiency

Sleep Apnea

(Sleep Disorder)

Airways Blocked

"A"- without; "pnea"- breath

Men>Women

Obesity

Somnabulism

"Sleep Walking"

(Sleep Disorder)

Engage in several behaviors while sleeping

First 1/3 of sleep cycle is when it occurs

Difficult to rouse

No memory of getting out of bed

Not acting out dreams- does not occur during REM

Children > Adults

Acting out dreams

Sleep paralysis does not occur

Causes are unknown

Narcolepsy

(Sleep Disorder)

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Suddenly fall asleep

Cataplexy

Often a function of insomnia

Genetic Basis

Night Terrors

(Sleep Disorder)

Much more intense and terrifying than nightmares

Brings the sleeper to a near state of panic

Sleeper often screams, wakes up, and tries to flee the room

6% of children; 1-2% of adults

Hyperinsomnia

(Sleep Disorder)

"Hyper"-above, "somnia"- sleep

>10 hours per night

strong urges to nap

Related to depression, sleep apnea, brain injury

wake up/go to tbed around the same time each day

Avoid stimulants in the afternoons/evenings

No excercise within 2 hours before bed

Avoid large meals two hours before bed

No naps after 3pm

Wind down 1/2 hour before bed

Sleep in a dark, quiet room at a comfortable temperature

If you do not fall asleep within 20 minutes, get up.

Psychoanalytical Theory

(Dreams)

Related to Freud

"The royal road to the unconscious"

Main purpose of dream interpretation

   -Manifest

   -Latent: underline meaning of the dream

Dream work

   -Symbology

       -Trying to uncover what the symbols were in a dream

       -If you dreampt of a cat---> this is what it means.. blah blah blah

Cognitive Theories

(Dreams)

Problem Solving

   -No constraints allows for creative problem-solving

   -Can rehearse responses

Cognitive process dream theories 

   -Dreaming is not much different from waking thought

Biological Theory

(Dreams)

AIM Model

   -Activation-level of neural activity

   -Input-Stimulation or external

   -Mode- Mental state logical or loose-logical

Think of as a 3-D cube

Activation-Syntheses Theory

(Dreams)

Waking though- we interpret sensory input

Dreams

   -Random firing in the brain

   -Brain tries to interpret, or make sense of, the random information

Cognitive Biological Theory

(Dreams)

REM sleep helps consolidate memories

Maintenance of existing memories

Biological evidence 

   -Cortisol plays a role in memory consolidation

   -Cortisol level wax and wane throughout night, which highest levels during REM sleep

80% of dreams contain negative content

   -Dreamer is usually the victim of violence, not the perpetrator

Current life experiences and concerns

Cultural differences

Focused Attention

Suggestibility

Absorption

Subjet sense of a lack of voluntary control

Suspension of critical facilities

Hypnosis is usually for a specific outcome

Clinical tool

   -Pain

   -Anxiety

Amnesia

   -20% were induced to have amnesia after hypnosis

   -Mixed (or poor) evidence for enhanced memory

   -Psedomemories

Dissociation Theory

(Theories of Hypnosis)

Hypnosis as an altered state of mind

Divides attention in which a person simultaneously experiences two separate streams of consciousness

Social-Cognitive Theory

(Theories of Hypnosis)

Behavior is due to expectations, not an altered state of mind

Blood-brain barrier

Agonist- increases activity of a neurotransmitter 

   -Cause neuron to release more NT to synapse

   -Activate the receptor site

   -Block re-uptake

Antagonist- inhibits or decreases the action of the neurotransmitter

   -Cause neuron to release less NT to the synapse

   -Block receptor sites.

Tolerance, Dependence, Addiction

(How drugs effect the brain)

Brain tries to maintain Homeostasis

   -Tolerance, Compensatory responses, withdrawal

Physical Dependence

   -Tolerance & Withdrawal

Psychological Dependence

   -Extreme urges to continue drug use environment has a big impact on the urge to use or not.

Universally used- relevant in all cultures

Spiritual, medicinal, regulate mood, escape boredom, unpleasant moods, enhance sensory experiences.

Depressants

Stimulants

Hallucinogens

75 drinks a day

Cirrhosis of liver

Brain shrinkage

Alcohol dependence

Binge drinking defined as more than 5 drinks a night

Similar effects to alcohol

Effects:

   -Slows heart rate, relaxes muscles, tranquilize mind

   -Physical & Psychological dependence

   -Lethal @ high doses

AKA narcotics-derived from opium or synthetically created

   -Morphine-naturally derived

   -Heroine- Mixed

   -Codeine- synthetically derived

Effects:

   -Decreased central nervous system activity

   -Cough suppressant

   -Pain Relief

   -Euphoria

   -Relaxation/muscle

   -Highly addictive

Injested by 90% of individuals in North America

Effects:

   -Increased alertness, heart rate, anxiety

   -Decreased motor coordination

   -Withdrawal

        -Depressed mood, headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating

Active chemical in tobacco

Inhalation-fastest route to blood stream

Dopamine & ACH agonist

Effects:

   -Increased heart rate, respiration, feeling of arousal

   -Relaxes skeletal muscles

   -Highly rewarding

Derived from the coca leaf

Dopamine & Nonepinephrine

   -Agonist

Effects:

   -Brief, intense feeling of euphoria, invulnerability & power

   -highly addictive

   -Serious health effects

Dopamine & Norepinephrine agonist

Clinical uses-ADHD; appetite suppressant

Effects:

   -Increased heart rate, motivation,elevated mood

   -insomnia, stomach ache, decreased libido

Also a hallucinogen

Serotonin & Dopamine agonist

Effects:

   -Mild Hallucinations

   -Feelings of euphoria, warmth, connectness/affection to others

Effects of repeated use:

   -Decreased levels of serotonin

   -Slower processing/increased impulsivity

   -After using ecstasy many fall into a depression a few days later.

Increased energy, heart rate, feelings of well being

Decreased appetite, muscle relaxation

Perpetual disotions

Hallucinogen

(Peyote)

"buttons" of the peyote cactus

used in spiritual rituals

1.) intense nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, heart palpitations, and headache

2.) Euphoria, visual hallucinations, perceptual disortions/sense of insight no long term effects known

Sensory memory < or = to .5 sec

Short-term Memory- (2-30 seconds)

Long-term Memory- (30-Lifetime)

Iconic (visual) memory-<.5 sec

Echoic (auditory) memory- up to three seconds

*** If you don't pay attention it will get filtered out!***

Primary Effect

Recency Effect

People generally remember words on the beginning of the list & at the end

Most recent ones(at end) are the easiest to remember

Implicit

(Type of Memory)

Procedureal

(Type of Memory)

Priming

(Type of Memory)

Explicit

(Type of Memory)

Sematic

(Type of Memory)

Facts and general knowledge

Like knowing if you speed you'll get a ticket

Episodic

(Type of Memory)

Encoding

   -Attention & Processing levels of processig include stuctural(shallow), phonomeic, Sematic (deep)

Consolidation

   -Solidifying a memory

Storage

   -Retention overtime

Retrieval

   -Recovery of stored memory

Sensory corticies

Short term/working memory

   -Prefrontal cortex-attention

   -Hippocampus-Consolidation- Forms new memory

   -Phonological loop- Wernikes Area

   -Visuospatial Sketchpad-Parient and occipital lobes

Cortec-priming

Striatum-(part of basal ganglia)

Amygdala-emotional responses

Memory at the neuronal level

Neurons that fire together, wire together

Use it or lose it

Memory 

(Biology)

Repeated situation increases learning 

CREB production involved in memory

Reinforcement after memory

Recovery of stored memory

Remembering

Interference

   -Proactive Interference 

          -Old experiences interfere with learning new information

          -Studying French after Spanish causes you to have difficulty learning French

   -Retroactive Interference

          -New experiences cause you to forget old ones

          -Studying French after Spanish causes you to forget Spanish

1.) Transcience

2.) Absent-Mindedness

3.) Blocking

      -Tip of the tongue phenomenon

           -Anxiety is getting in the way

      -Repression

1.) Missattribution

    -Memory Binging

    -Cryptoamnesia

    -Can't remember where the source was from

2.) Consistency bias

3.) Persistence

    -PTSD

    -Can't stop forgetting the information

    -People with PTSD imagine the memory as more awful that it originally was

Suggestibility

   -False memories

   -Recovered Memories

   Example: A belief you could use hypnosis to bring back memories. It isn't used anymore because false memories are used. Can't really remember what exactly happened so you fill in somehting that would make sense that didn't happen.

   -Antero=After

   -Cannot remember incidents AFTER the injusry 

-Retro-Before

-Cannot remember incidents BEFORE the injury

Automatically shift attention toward new stimuli

You get used to constant stimuli

Slight change in stimulus cause an orienting response.

Association-Two stimuli are repeatedly linked (occur together) so we begin to connect them in our minds

Pets exhibit this response

   -Example

       When you come home from work and you go to the cabinet to get out the dog food, the dog goes to the cabinet because it knows it is going ot be fed.

A form of associative learning

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus to which you have an innate response

INVOLUNTARY behavior

Originally studying digestive enzymes in dogs' saliva

Dogs given meat powder to induce salivation

Soon dogs started salivating without meat powder which the assistant prepared the apparatus

This sparked the idea for a new study

UCS(unconditioned Stimulus)

UCR(Unconditioned Response)

Food-->Response 

When it hears a bell (neutral stimulus)---> No response from the dog. It just hears a bell

Durng Conditioning (learning phase)

Everytime you put meat in front of the dog you ring a bell

For all you know he is still drooling at the meat

After Conditioning

(Outcome of the neutral stimulus{bell})

Bell becomes conditioned response (makes the dog drool thinking that it is going to get meat, even if there is no meat in sight)

Overtime when the stimuli isn't used the response will be forgotten

If Dwight doesn't get an altoid after each time the computer makes the noise, then he will just start not noticing the noise.

Refining the learning model

Cannot be conditioned to respond to any "neutral" stimulus

The sugar water, and the bright and noisy water

Exposed the rats to radiation

He found that it only impacted the rats that drank from the sugar water

Flavor and taste are associated with nausea

He showed the flip side of the coin as well

Thorndike's Law of Effect

   -Consequences of a behavior affect that frequency of that behavior

   -Cats in puzzle boxes

            -More likely to hit the lever that let them out in the future

            -Causes impact the frequency

B.F. Skinner

   -Manipulating consequences to affect behavior

VOLUNTARY behavior

Instinctive Drift

Biological Constraint Model

Latent Learning

   -Tolman and cognitive maps

We can learn by observing others

How did you learn to tie your shoes?

How did you learn to drive?

Modeling?