Term
| resonsible for regulating our response to things that are punishing |
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Definition
| behavioral inhibition system |
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Term
| If your behavioral inhibition system is sensitive, then you are prone to... |
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Definition
| anxiety, always alert and worrying that something bad will happen |
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Term
| If your behavioral activation system is overly active, then you are prone to being... |
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Definition
| impulsive and constantly seeking rewards. possibly more prone to drug addiction and overeating |
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Term
| Prozac is a drug that blocks the reabsorption of ____ in the brain and thus ____ moods and alters emotional reaction patters |
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Definition
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Term
| People who have a relatively greater activation of the ___ hemisphere tend to be associated with greater reactions of fear and distress to a stressful situation. Therefore, these individuals are more likely to overreact to a ____ stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
research has revealed that the brain reaches its max number of synaptic connections and its greatest metabolic activity around what age?
This supports the psychoanalytic oberservation that... |
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Definition
3 or 4
the basis of personality is formed by around this age |
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Term
| Eugenics, begun by ____, was a movement that encouraged... |
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Definition
| preserving or purifying the gene pool of the elite in order to improve human blood lines. |
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Term
| features of the environment that children raised in the same home experience differently |
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Definition
| nonshared environmental variance |
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Term
| researchers say that there is a ______ to schizophrenia; that is, certain genes make schizophrenia more likely, but they are not the sole, direct cause |
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Definition
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Term
| When an individual is able to discern that a given stimulus is NoT the conditioned stimulus, and therefore does not perform the conditioned response, this is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What practice did the behaviorist movement reject? |
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Definition
| subjective analyses and introspection |
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Term
| According to Skinner, why is biology important? |
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Definition
| it determines an individual's range of potential responses |
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Term
| What is the central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| behavior is changed by its consequences |
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Term
| Radical determination states that... |
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Definition
| all behavior is caused by the environment |
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Term
| Who is credited for the social learning theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| The quote that behaviorism "has substituted for the erstwhile anthropomorphic view of the rat, a ratomorphic view of man" implies that... |
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Definition
| behaviorism replaces our humanness with simple laws derived from rat studies |
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Term
| Harlow's studies of Rhesus monkeys suggested that attachment between mothers and infants is due to... |
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Definition
| the reinforcing nature of physical contact |
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Term
| Skinner asserts that to address social and cultural problems, we should.. |
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Definition
| manipulate the environment, which really controls behavior |
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Term
| In operant conditioning, behavior is changed by it's _____; it emphasizes the _____ of behavior (what it does) rather than the structure of _____. It is a _____ theory, in which there is no free will. |
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Definition
consequences
function
personality
deterministic |
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Term
| ____ believed that if children are raised properly, they will behave properly, because their personalities are a function of the environment. His assumptions laid the basis for the work of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Concept proposed by _____, that the consequences of a behavior (the effect) will either strengthen or weaken that behavior. Learning initially comes through a ____ process. |
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Definition
Law of Effect
proposed by Thorndike
trial and error |
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Term
| Skinner's book describing a utopian community that is behaviorally engineered based on principles of operant conditioning ((reinforcing [rewarding] positive, socially appropriate behavior)). |
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Definition
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Term
| a systematic self-training process to free oneself from "undesirable desires" - urges and emotions that pop up when we'd prefer they didn't, thereby making life more stressful |
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Definition
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Term
| Learning theories are similar to Freud's approach because they are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| belief that all human behavior is caused and that humans have no free will |
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Definition
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Term
| In a dispute between husband and wife, for example, a _____ approach would attend to the needs and perceptions of the participants that than to their psychological history (____) or the rewards and contigencies of the situation (____) |
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Definition
Phenomenological (existential) (Maslow)
psychoanalysis (Freud)
behaviorism (Skinner) |
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Term
| In the domain of conditioning, generalization refers to... |
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Definition
| a conditioned response occurring to sitmuli similar to the conditioned response |
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Term
| a conditioned response only occurring in the presence of stimuli identical to the conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
Leading theorists of...
psychoanalysis
neo-analytic/ego |
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Definition
Freud
Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson |
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Term
leading theorists of...
biological
behaviorist |
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Definition
Pavlov, Plomin, Eysenck, Buss, Daly
Skinner, Dollard, Miller |
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Term
leading theorists of...
cognitive
trait |
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Definition
Kelly, Bandura
Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, Costa, McCrae |
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Term
leading theorists of...
humanistic
interactionist |
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Definition
Maslow, Rogers, Fromm, Diener
Murray, Sullivan, Mischel, Caspi |
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Term
Key strength of...
interactionist
humanistic |
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Definition
understands that we are different selves in different situations
appreciates the spiritual nature of a person, emphasizes struggles for self-fulfillment and dignity |
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Term
cognitive perspective captures the ____ nature of human thought, that is, the person can think about and anticipate the effects of the environment
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Definition
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Term
| the three main psychologists that set the stage for modern personality theory, ___, ____, and ____, emphasized that the _____ should be the focus of study, not... |
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Definition
Allport, Lewin, Murray
whole human being
parts of the being and not collections of organisms |
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Term
| While classical ____ learning theory assumes that a person's behavior changes over time in reaction to the direct effects of reinforcement (and punishment) on the stimulus-response link, _____'s theory (____ psych. perspective) claims that the effects of prior reinforcement are internalized and that behavior actually changes because of changes in the person's knowledge and expectations. |
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Definition
behaviorist
Bandura, cognitive |
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Term
| Bandura's cognitive approach gives a central role to what he calls "_____", the capacity of a person to exercise control not only over her actions, but also over internal thought processes and motivations (individs. shape their own life circumstances). Knowing that a particular behavior in a particular situation was reinforced in the past allows the individ. to ____ that she will be reinforced for the same (or similar) situations in the future. |
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Definition
"human agency"
anticipate |
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Term
| observational learning involves active cognitive processes with 4 basic components, which are... |
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Definition
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation |
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Term
| 4 key elements of human agency (cognitive idea that individuals shape their own life): |
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Definition
intentionality --> we form intentions and methods of achieving them
forethought --> we invision the future in ways that help guide our current action
self-reactiveness --> we can motivate and regulate our own behavior in executing our plans
self-reflectiveness --> we can examine our goals, our actions, and our progress to refine our actions toward our goals |
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Term
| Julian Rotter, a ____ theorist, proposed that our final choice of behavior depends both on how we expect that our performance will have a positive result (a.k.a. _____) and how much we value the expected reinforcement (a.k.a. _____). |
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Definition
social learning
outcome expectancy
reinforcement value |
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Term
| term used by Julian Rotter to describe the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bandura, the set of cognitive processes by which a person perceives, evaluates, and regulates his or her own behavior so that it is appropriate to the environment and effective in achieving goals |
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Definition
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Term
| term used by R.B. Cattell to describe data gathered form placing a person in a controlled test situation and noting or rating responses; these data are observational (test data) |
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Definition
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Term
| term used by R.B. Cattell to describe data gathered about a person's life from school records or similar sources. (life data) |
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Definition
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Term
| term used by R.B. Cattell to describe data gathered from self-reports and questionnaires |
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Definition
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Term
defined personality as the "dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought." According to this view, each person has unique, key qualities.
"dynamic organization" here refers to... |
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Definition
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Term
Allport, via trait perspective, rejected idea of...
and instead looked for... |
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Definition
rejected idea of trying to break down personality into basic components (such as sensation or innate drives)
and instead looked for the underlying organization of each person's uniqueness |
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Term
| ____'s approach, influenced by Gestalt psychology, drew attention to "the momentary condition of the individual and the structure of the psychological situation." Emphasized that the forces affecting a person change from time to time and from situation to situation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interactionist psychologist who emphasized the integrated, dynamic nature of the individual as a complex organism responding to a specific environment, as well as the importance of needs and motivations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Personality psychology asks the question: |
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Definition
| what does it mean to be a person? |
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Term
| personality psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the ____ ____ that make people ____ ____. |
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Definition
psychological forces
uniquely themselves |
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Term
There are 8 key aspects of personality. The first four include....
____ aspects, forces that are not in moment-to-moment awareness.
_____ forces that provide a sense of identity or "self."
a _____, w/ a unique genetic, physical, physiological, & temperament nature.
People are ____ and ____ by the experiences and environments that surround them. |
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Definition
unconscious aspects
ego-forces
biological being
conditioned and shaped |
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Term
There are 8 key aspects of personality, the second four include...
-people have a ____, thinking about and actively interpreting the world around them.
-an individual is a collection of specific ___, ___, and ___.
-human beings have a ____ to their lives, which ennobles them and prompts them to ponder the meaning of their existence.
-the individual's nature is an ongoing ____ between the person and the particular environment. |
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Definition
cognitive dimension
traits, skills, and predispostions
spiritual dimension
interaction |
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Term
| what is the difference between inductive approach and deductive approach to personality? |
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Definition
Inductive approach to personality is one that develops concepts based on what carefully collected observations reveal. Works from the data up to the theory. "bottom-up"
Deductive approach is one where we use our knowledge of basic psychological "laws" or principles in order to understand each particular person. "top-down" process. |
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Term
| term that refers to seeking to formulate laws |
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Definition
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Term
| involved in the study of individual cases |
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Definition
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Term
| behavior that involves the emotional well-being of one's social or family group; contrasts with instrumental behavior |
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Definition
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