Structuralism - an early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements 

-

Wundt & Titchner hoped to analyze sensations, images, and feelings into basic elements

Psychoanalysis - a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts 

-

Reliability - the consistency of scores derived from a test from one time and place to another

->does it produce the same results

Validity - the ability of a test to measure what it's designed to measure

3. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES

Psycho-dynamic theories - theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual 

-emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person

-believe ongoing problems are formed primarily by experiences in early childhood

-those experiences produce unconscious thoughts and feelings, which later form habits, conflicts and behavior. 

3. DEFENSE MECHANISMS

1. Repression

2. Projection

3. Displacement

4. Regression

5. Denial 

1879 ESTABLISHED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY IN LEIPZIG. HE MADE PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE.  

-INTROSPECTION METHOD - TRAINING VOLUNTEERS TO CAREFULLY OBSERVE, ANALYZE, AND DESCRIBE THEIR OWN SENSATIONS, MENTAL IMAGES, AND EMOTIONAL REACTIONS.  

-GOAL TO BREAK DOWN BEHAVIOR INTO ITS MOST BASIC ELEMENTS

-HIS METHOD WAS TOO SUBJECTIVE, BUT HE IS STILL CREDITED WITH MAKING PSYCHOLOGY A SCIENCE 

- USED SEPARATION ANXIETY TO TEST INFANTS WHEN THEIR PARENTS LEAVE THE ROOM

-PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS -> PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING/ EVALUATING PERSONALITY TRAITS, EMOTIONS, APTITUDES, INTERESTS, ABILITIES, AND VALUES. 

THEY ANSWER A SERIES OF WRITTEN OR ORAL Q'S

OBJECTIVE TESTS - MEASURE BELIEFS, FEELINGS, OR BEHAVIORS OF WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL IS AWARE

PROJECTIVE TESTS - DESIGNED TO TAP UNCONSCIOUS FEELINGS OR MOTIVES 

BEHAVIORISTS FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL REWARDS AND PUNISHERS THAT MAINTAIN OR DISCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE SPECIFIC BEHAVIORS

THEY DON'T INVOKE THE MIND OR MENTAL STATES TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIOR, PREFER TO STICK WHAT THEY CAN OBSERVE AND MEASURE TROUBLE STICKING TO AN ISSUE 

-SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORISTS, COMBINE ELEMENTS OF BEHAVIORISM WITH RESEARCH ON THOUGHTS, VALUES, EXPECTATIONS, AND INTENTIONS. 

THEY BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE LEARN NOT ONLY TO ADAPT TO THE ENVIRONMENT, BUT ALSO BY IMITATING OTHERS AND BY THINKING ABOUT THE EVENTS HAPPENING AROUND THEM 

THE ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO ASSESS CLAIMS AND MAKE JUDGMENTS ON THE BASIS OF WELL-SUPPORTED REASONS AND EVIDENCE RATHER THAN EMOTION OR ANECDOTE 

-LOOK FOR FLAWS IN ARGUMENTS AND TO RESIST CLAIMS THAT HAVE NO SUPPORT

-FUNDAMENTAL TO PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 

STRUCTURE!

ASK QUESTIONS; BE WILLING TO WONDER. = CREATIVE THINKING FOR THE CURIOUS

DEFINE YOUR TERMS - RAISE A GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DEFINE WHAT YOU MEAN ABOUT IT

EXAMINE THE EVIDENCE. EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOU

ANALYZE ASSUMPTIONS AND BIASES. 

AVOID EMOTIONAL REASONING. 

DON'T OVERSIMPLIFY. 

CONSIDER OTHER INTERPRETATIONS. 

TOLERATE UNCERTAINTY. 

STANDARDIZED? PROCEDURES

NORMS? STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE

RELIABILITY? CONSISTENCY OF SCORES FROM TIME/PLACE

VALIDITY? DOES IT MEASURE UP TO WHAT IS BEING MEASURED

Structure 

ID - the part of the personality with two instincts; life or sexual instincts fulled by energy called libido. drive to survive. 

EGO - the part of the personality that represents good, reason and self control

SUPEREGO - the personality that represents conscience, morality, and self-control.  inner voice that tells you when you've done something wrong.

DEFENSIVE MECHANISMS - DENY OR DISTORT REALITY TO PROTECT FROM ANXIETY OR THREATENING THOUGHTS 

->STRUCTURE

1. REPRESSION

2. PROJECTION

3. DISPLACEMENT

4. REGRESSIONS

5. DENIAL 

HYPOTHESIS OR THEORY

THEORY - ORGANIZED SYSTEM OF ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES THAT PURPORTS TO EXPLAIN A SPECIFIC SET OF PHENOMENA AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS

HYPOTHESIS - A STATEMENT THAT ATTEMPTS TO PREDICT OR TO ACCOUNT FOR A SET OF PHENOMENA; SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES SPECIFY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EVENTS OR VARIABLES AND ARE EMPIRICALLY TESTED 

ALLPORT RECOGNIZED THAT NOT ALL TRAITS HAVE EQUAL WEIGHT AND SIGNIFICANCE IN PEOPLE'S LIVES 

MOST OF US HAVE 5-10 CENTRAL TRAITS 

RAYMOND B. CATTELL ADVANCED THE STUDY BY APPLYING A STATISTICAL METHOD CALLED FACTOR ANALYSIS (STATISTICAL METHOD FOR ANALYZING THE INTER-CORRELATIONS AMONG VARIOUS MEASURES OR TEST SCORES THAT ARE HIGHLY CORRELATED ARE ASSUMED TO MEASURE THE SAME UNDERLYING TRAIT OR ABILITY. 

1. EXTROVERSION VERSUS INTROVERSION

2. NEUROTICISM(NEG EMOTIONALITY VS. STAB.)

3. AGREEABLENESS VERSUS ANTAGONISM 

4. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS VERSUS IMPULSIVENESS

5. OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE VERSUS RESISTENCE TO THE NEW EXPERIENCE 

in freud's theory, the idea that sexual energy takes different forms as the child matures; the stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

oral stage- smoking, overeating, nail biting, becoming clingy and dependent 

anal stage - toilet training and control of bodily wastes

{anal retentive - hold everything in. anal expulsive - messy and disorganized. }

phallic stage - child wishes to possess the parent of the other sex to get rid of the other parent of the same sex

oedipus complex - greek legend of king oedipus who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother

girls go through penis envy???

latency stage - nonsexual

genital stage - begins at puberty and leads to adult sexuality 

make sure you have a representative sample

in which they should have an even amount that represents the larger population that the researcher is interested in

you should use specific procedures and the right amount of what you're testing 

collective unconscious - in jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in the symbols, stories and images that occur across all cultures 

he called them archetypes 

observational studies - the researcher observes, measures, and records behavior, taking care to avoid intruding on the people or animals being observed

naturalistic observation - to find out how people/animals act in normal social environments 

-use to show at home

laboratory research - researchers have more control of the situation

Personality refers to a distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time and across different situations

-this pattern consists of many distinctive traits, habitual ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling: shy, outgoing, friendly, hostile, gloomy, confident, and so on. 

the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or anecdote

-look for flaws in arguments 

1. ask questions; be willing to wonder. 

2. define your terms. 

3. examine the evidence. 

4. analyze assumptions and biases. 

5. avoid emotional reasoning. 

6. don't oversimplify.

7. consider other interpretations.

8. tolerate uncertainty. 

1.Biological perspective - emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, thoughts

evolutionary psychology - a field of psychology emphasizing evolutionary mechanisms that may help explain human commonalities in cognition, development, emotion, social practices, and other areas of behavior. 

2.learning perspective - how the environment and experience affect a person's or animal's actions; it includes behaviorism and social-cognitive learning theories.

3.cognitive perspective - a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior. sociocultural perspective - social and cultural influences on behavior

4.psychodynamic perspective - unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy

5.humanist psychology - emphasizes free will, personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential 

naturalistic - find out how people/animal act in their normal social environments

can be analyzed anywhere, just people in the common human habitat

laboratory - have a control situation 

consists of intense equipment to observe and maintain a clear line of vision and so forth

environment - half the influence on personality 

situations and social learning

parental influence and it's limits 

power of peers 

cultural influences on personality includes the cultures, values, and traits 

1.Ask Questions;be willing to wonder. 

think about what is around you, ask yourself basis questions

2. Define your terms - you have to make sure to define what you're asking specifically

3. Examine the evidence. - review the evidence, does it support your critical thinking 

4. Analyze Assumptions and Biases - assumptions are beliefs that are taken for granted. try to identify and evaluate claims and arguments can rest

5. Avoid emotional reasoning. - emotional reasoning can affect the actual view in critical thinking, it can change the path to thinking boldly on something.

6. Don't oversimplify. - don't generalize from one thing to a majority

7. consider other interpretations. - be open to the pros and cons of thoughts that people hold

8. tolerate uncertainty. - new evidence can form, making it uncertain of what you're trying to accept 

pg. 14 has examples

psychotherapist - does psychotherapy

clinical psychology - diagnoses, treats or studies mental and emotional problems

psychoanalyst - practices psychoanalysis; has specific training. may treat any kind of emotional disorder or pathology

psychiatrist - more likely to take a biological approach through the head

licensed clinical social worker - treats common family problems, also deals with problems like addiction or abuse

theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts

descriptive methods - researches describe and predict behavior but not necessarily to choose one explanation over competing ones.

case study - detailed description of a particular individual based on careful observation or formal psychological testing(includes dreams, childhood, fantasies, experiences)

observational studies - researchers observe, measure, and records behavior, taking care to avoid intruding on the people/animals being observed

psychological tests - procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotions, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values

surveys - questionaires and interviews that gather info by asking directly about experiences, attitudes or opinions. 

hypothesis - attempts to predict or account to a situation

theory - organized system of assumptions and principles that can be used to explain a specific set of phenomena

correlation - descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship between two phenomenas 

positive = increase in one variable and increases in another or between decreases one and in another

negative = increases in one variable and decreases in another 

zeo = everywhere 

theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts 

interpretation of dreams 

id, superego, ego, defense mechanisms 

1. precision

2. skepticism - don't accept ideas on faith or authority 

3. reliance on empirical evidence - needs back up to support

4. willingness to make risky predictions 

principle of falsifiability - must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation - what will happen and what will not

5. openness - keep the mind wide open to interpretations 

traits - shy, outgoing, friendly, hostile, gloomy, confident 

due to genetics

based on environmental approach which includes social learning, situations, parents, peers, cultural approach, humanist and narrative approach 

defensive mechanisms 

pg21

518-519

lasts roughly from age 3-age 5 or 6

child unconsciously wishes to possess the parent of the other sex and get rid of the parent of the same sex 

oedipus complex