Term
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Definition
| The mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information. |
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Term
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Definition
Conscious effort to encode or recover
information through memory processes. |
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Term
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Definition
Availability of information through memory
processes without conscious effort to encode or recover information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for information such as facts and events. |
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Term
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Definition
Memory for how things get done; the way perceptual,
cognitive, and motor skills are acquired, retained, and used. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which a mental representation is formed in
memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The retention of encoded material over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recovery of stored information from memory. |
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Term
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Definition
The initial memory processes involved in the
momentary preservation of fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
Memory system in the visual domain that allows large
amounts of information to be stored for very brief durations. |
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Term
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Definition
Sensory memory that allows auditory information to be
stored for brief durations. |
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Term
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Definition
Memory processes associated with
preservation of recent experiences and with retrieval of information
from long-term memory; short-term memory is of limited capacity
and stores information for only a short length of time without
rehearsal. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of taking single items of information and recoding
them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle. |
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Term
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Definition
A memory resource that is used to accomplish tasks
such as reasoning and language comprehension; consists of the
phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive. |
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Term
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Definition
Memory processes associated with the
preservation of information for retrieval at any later time. |
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Term
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Definition
Internally or externally generated stimuli available to help
with the retrieval of a memory. |
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Term
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Definition
A method of retrieval in which an individual is required to
reproduce the information previously presented. |
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Term
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Definition
A method of retrieval in which an individual is required to
identify stimuli as having been experienced before. |
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Term
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Definition
Long-term memories for autobiographical events and
the contexts in which they occurred. |
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Term
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Definition
Generic, categorical memories, such as the meanings
of words and concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
The principle that subsequent retrieval of information
is enhanced if cues received at the time of recall are consistent
with those present at the time of encoding. |
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Term
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Definition
A characteristic of memory retrieval in which the
recall of beginning and end items on a list is often better than recall of
items appearing in the middle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improved memory for items at the start of a list. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improved memory for items at the end of a list. |
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Term
| contextual distinctiveness |
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Definition
The assumption that the serial position effect
can be altered by the context and the distinctiveness of the experience
being recalled. |
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Term
| levels-of-processing theory |
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Definition
A theory suggesting that the deeper the level
at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be retained
in memory. |
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Term
| transfer-appropriate processing |
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Definition
The perspective that suggests memory is
best when the type of processing carried out at encoding matches the
processes carried out at retrieval. |
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Term
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Definition
In the assessment of implicit memory, the advantage conferred
by prior exposure to a word or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
Circumstances in which past memories make it
more difficult to encode and retrieve new information. |
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Term
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Definition
Circumstances in which the formation of new
memories makes it more difficult to recover older memories. |
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Term
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Definition
A technique for improving memory by enriching
the encoding of information. |
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Term
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Definition
Strategies or devices that use familiar information during the
encoding of new information to enhance subsequent access to the
information in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
Implicit or explicit knowledge about memory abilities and
effective memory strategies; cognition about memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental representations of kinds or categories of items and ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
The level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory
most quickly and used most efficiently. |
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Term
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Definition
General conceptual frameworks, or clusters of knowledge,
regarding objects, people, and situations; knowledge packages that
encode generalizations about the structure of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most representative example of a category. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of categories that people have encountered. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of putting information together
based on general types of stored knowledge in the absence of a specific
memory representation. |
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Term
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Definition
People’s vivid and richly detailed memory in response
to personal or public events that have great emotional significance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical memory trace for information in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
A failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use,
or psychological trauma. |
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