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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
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| The tendency to believe you knew something after finding out the answer (also known as the i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) |
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| Using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events. |
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| A testable theory, often implied by a theory. |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different subjects in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other subjects and circumstances. |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studies in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| All the cases in a group, from which sample may be drawn for a study |
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| A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| A statistical unit of measure: It reveals how closely two tings vary together and thus how well one predicts the other |
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| Equally predictive, indicates an inverse relationship: as one thing increases, the other decreases |
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| (between 0 and +1.00) indicates a direct relationship, meaning that the two things increase or decrease together |
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| The perception of a relationship, where none exists |
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Enable a researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by:
1) Manipulating the factors of interest and
2) Holding constant (“controlling”) other factors |
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| The condition of an experiment that exposes subjects to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental treatment and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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| Assigning subjects to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| The experimental factor—in psychology, the behavior or mental process—that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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