Term
| Simultaneous Presentation |
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Definition
| All of the pictures of the possible suspects are shown at once & the person is asked to pick the man out of the choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Do you see the man here?" vs. "Which one is the man?" |
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Term
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Definition
Cutler & Penrod 1988
One man shown at a time
Is this the man?
What about this one? |
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Term
| Janet Reno & Gary Wells (1999) |
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Definition
-Investigators should use open ended Qs
-Leading Qs may taint witness memory
-Person conducting lineup should make it clear perp may or may not be in lineup
-Fillers/foils should match the description from witness
-Witness should be asked (& recorded) on how sure they are it is the person |
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Term
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Definition
-The lineups should be sequential
-Witnesses should be videotaped about how sure they are of their identification
-The people conducting the lineups should not know who the suspect is |
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Term
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Definition
-Approx 75,000 defendants are implicated by eyewitnesses in the U.S. every year
-75% of the first 218 people exonerated on the basis of DNA analysis had been mistakenly identified |
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Term
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Definition
What people notice & perceive
-Weapons focus, change blindness, own-race bias |
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Term
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Definition
What people store in memory
-Misleading questions, source monitoring errors |
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Term
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Definition
What people recall
-"Best guess" problem |
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Term
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Definition
-Overestimate the length of time for a brief incident but underestimate the time of a lengthy incident
-Change blindness
-Focus more on actions than actors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Subjects saw a simulated robbery
-IV: Manipulated object in the perpetrator’s hand (gun or check) |
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Term
Loftus & Palm
Leading Questions: er(1974) |
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Definition
-Memory for traffic accident
-How fast were the cars going when they CONTACTED [or] SMASHED INTO each other?
Estimated Speed
Contacted 31 mph
Smashed 41 mph
1 week later:
Was there broken glass at the scene?
% falsely remembering glass
Contacted 0%
Smashed 32%
-The misinformation paradigm (Loftus, Schooler, &Wagenaar, 1985) |
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Term
Robert Buckhout (1974)
Errors in retrieval |
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Definition
Unconscious transference
-the generation of memory that is related to an incident, but, is not relevant to the issue being considered |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors under control of the criminal justice system |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors beyond the control of justice system whose impact needs to be estimated |
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Term
| Cross-race effect (other-race effect) |
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Definition
-Exposure
-Physiognomic differences
-Ingroup/outgroup categorization |
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Term
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Definition
-Women slightly more accurate
-In lineups: children & elderly more likely to choose someone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-case with circumstantial evidence = 18% conviction rate
-circumstantial + one eyewitness = 72% conviction rate
-circumstantial + eyewitness who was borderline blind = 68% conviction rate |
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Term
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Definition
-Have little awareness of problems with eyewitnesses
-Overestimate the validity of eyewitness testimony
-Are not told about those witnesses who DID NOT identify the suspect as the perpetrator |
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Term
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Definition
In 1988, Paul Ingram’s daughters accused him of:
-sexual abuse
-satanic rituals
-murder
-events they claimed to have recalled suddenly years after they occurred |
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Term
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Definition
-Emotionally motivated forgetting
-Forgotten events are thought to be so traumatizing that individuals bury them deeply in their unconscious |
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Term
| Repression of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) |
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Definition
-suffered sexual/physical abuse as children
-repressed or dissociated any memory of these horrors for many years as a form of unconscious protection
-eventually recovered their long-lost memories of the abuse |
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Term
| Reliability of Children as Eyewitnesses |
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Definition
Children’s accounts are more accurate when they participate with the individual rather than merely observe
Children over 6 can make reliable picks from a lineup, provided:
-they had extended contact with the person
-the person is actually in the lineup
Most CSA cases rest solely on the words of the victim because these cases typically lack physical evidence |
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Term
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Definition
-New Jersey Supreme Court
-in this case, the interrogations revealed a lack of impartiality on the part of detectives
-elicited information the kids had not previously mentioned |
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Term
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Definition
| introducing new information into the interview that the kid did not previously provide |
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Term
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Definition
-Preconceived notions on the part of the interviewer cause them to frame questions differently
-Elicit answers consistent with their prior beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly supportive interviewers can elicit more true responses, unless biased reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
-“Did _____ happen? Imagine that _____ did happen, what would be involved?”
-Creating a mental picture of the ‘event’ |
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Term
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Definition
-positive consequences (10%)
-negative consequences (17%)
-suggestiveness (18%) |
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Term
| Garven, Wood, & Malpass study (2000) |
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Definition
I: ... The other kids say that Paco took them somewhere on a
helicopter [Cowitness Information]. Did Paco take you somewhere
on a helicopter?
C: No.
I: You're not doing good. (negative) [Reinforcement]. The
other kids say that Paco took them to a farm [Cowitness Information],
Did Paco take you to a farm?
C: Yes.
I: Great. You're doing excellent now [Reinforcement]. The other
kids say that Paco showed them the animals on the farm [Cowitness
Information]. Did Paco show you the animals on the farm?
C: Yes.
I: Great. You're doing excellent [Reinforcement]. One last question.
The other kids say that Paco took them on a horse ride
[Cowitness Information]. Did Paco take you on a horse ride?
C: Yes. |
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Term
| Garven, Wood, & Malpass study (2000) |
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Definition
-Classroom visitor and the effects of positive consequences/reinforcement
-Children reinforced were much more likely to make false allegations (35%) than those in the control group (12%)
-False allegations persisted through subsequent interviews and children insisted that the memories were correct |
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Term
| Suggestive Interviewing Techniques |
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Definition
| In reality, children can usually disclose any sort of abuse when questioned – suggestive interviewing techniques are rarely useful |
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Term
| Good interviewing techniques for children |
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Definition
-Ask child open-ended questions
-Have child put event in own words first
-ask them simple Qs and soon after the event
-non-threatening atmosphere: no suggestions or pressure
-check if the reports are highly consistent over time
-ask the child if different persons are responsible for the same event |
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Term
| Children and Sexual Abuse in the Courts |
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Definition
-Reports of child sexual abuse increased 83% from 1986-1993 – increase in societal awareness. BUT false positives may range from 5%-35%.
-Jurors tend to find children’s testimony as questionable in almost all areas BUT sex abuse – “How can a child make up all of this sexual knowledge?” |
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Term
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Definition
-elimination of competency evaluations before testifying (even in those as young as 3 or 4)
-admitting uncorroborated testimony
-allowing testifying over closed-circuit TV (Maryland v. Craig, 1990)
-admitting the testimony through adults (hearsay) (Idaho v. Wright, 1990) |
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Term
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Definition
-Linguistic repertoire
-Distinguish truth from lie
-Willingness to speak |
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Term
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Definition
-televised from other room if child will suffer psychological harm
-6th amendment: defendant has right to face accuser |
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Term
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Definition
| no diff in conviction, but tv child viewed as less believable (even though more accurate) |
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Term
| Hypnosis and Eyewitnesses |
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Definition
-Hypnosis induces a trancelike state that gives the hypnotized unique mental abilities
-Hypnosis induces extreme suggestibility and responsiveness to stimuli/questions |
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Term
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Definition
Used by law enforcement: (1) to generate leads, and (2) to refresh the memories of witnesses.
-Age regression retrieval
-Television retrieval technique |
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Term
| Effects/Dangers of Hypnosis |
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Definition
-Hyperamnesia – remembering more during their hypnotized state than their conscious state.
-Confabulations: false memories
-Subjects relax their standards for reporting information
-Approximations are accepted as truth, and subjects are extremely suggestible
-Those hypnotized find it difficult to separate actual memories from those generated under hypnosis
-Memory hardening
-More responsive to leading questions |
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Term
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Definition
| hypnotized testimony should be admissible but the jury needs to be aware of the problems of hypnosis when evaluating the testimony |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypnosis conducted by one trained to do so.
-Hypnotist independent of counsel or investigators.
-Information known prior to hypnosis needs to be recorded and kept separate.
-The entire session should be recorded.
-Only the hypnotist and subject are present during the session.
-All of the prehypnosis memories must be presented alongside the hypnotically retrieved memories |
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Term
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Definition
-Previous to this Arkansas did not admit any hypnotically refreshed testimony
-The Supreme Court decided this was unfair and that the testimony could be introduced, if jurors are warned of the problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Re-create the scene mentally and report everything they remember |
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Term
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Definition
-Began with behavioral science
-NARROWS the field of crime suspects
-Creates a sketch of the most likely type of suspect |
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Term
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Definition
-Profiling Inputs
-Decision Process Models
-Crime Assessment
-Criminal Profile
-Investigation
-Apprehension |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Produces meaningful questions and dimensions of the crime.
-Analyzes the type of killer |
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Term
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Definition
-Mass Murderer
-Spree Killer
-Serial Killer |
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Term
| The BIG THREE (multiple murders) |
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Definition
hard-core
abuse (usually sexual),
enuresis, and torturing animals |
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Term
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Definition
Re-construct the behavior and motives of the killer
-Organized: intelligent, careful planning
-Disorganized: impulsive, less socially competent |
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Term
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Definition
| Race, sex, age, marital status, employment history, psychological issues (if any), maybe past criminal actions. |
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Term
| Hoffman and Kennedy (1988) |
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Definition
Different kinds of crime scenes can be classified with reasonable reliability and correlate with certain characteristics of killers
BUT
-inaccurate profiles are common – e.g. Serial Snipers
-profile statistics are based on a small number of one-on-one interviews with murderers, by FBI agents
-approaches used are not always systematic – profiling is an art |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Determined that people are correct only 54% of the time, hardly more than chance |
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Term
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Definition
-Nonverbal cues
-Verbal cues
-Cognitive load interviews |
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Term
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Definition
-James Frye appealed his murder conviction on the grounds that the results of his ‘lie detector test’ could not be admitted into court.
-His appeal was denied because there was not enough scientific agreement over the procedure |
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