1. Description

2. Explanation

3. Prediction

4. Change or Control 

1. Naturalistic Observation

2. Surveys

3. Case studies 

1. OBSERVATIONAL

Advantage -Natural Behavior

Disadvantage - Difficult and Time Consuming

2. SURVEY

Advantage - Large sample data

Disadvantage - Participants not always honest 

3. CASE STUDIES 

Advantage - In-Depth information and Ecological Validity

Disadvantage - Lack of generalizability and biased recall 

Method:

Experimenter manipulates and controls the chosen variables to determine cause and effect. 

Components: 

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE or IV

DEPENDENT VARIABLE or DV

CONFOUNDING Variable or CV

and

EXPERIMENTAL vs. CONTROL groups 

Advantages:

1. Control of Variables

2. Able to isolate a single factor

Disadvantages:

1. experimenter bias

2. ethnocentrism (cultural filter)

3. sample bias

4. participant bias 

1. Biopsychology - physical and chemical

2. Clinical-mental and behavioral disorders

3. Cognitive-higher mental processes (thought)

4. Counseling-career and vocational assesment etc

5. Developmental-development from birth to death

6. Educational-development in school environment

7. Experimental-examines learning, perception etc.

8. Forensic-legal system

9. Gender/Cultural-how cultures differ

10. Health-factors that influcence health

11. Industrial/Organizational-workplace

12. Social-social forces vs interpersonal behavior

1. Mary Calkins was among the first women to be reconized in the field.

2. Francis Cecil Sumner first African American to earn Ph.D. 

3. Kenneth B. Clark first African American to be elected APA president. 

4.