Aronson & Linder

Proposed gain-loss principle (an evaluation that chages will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)

Aronson (doctoral adviser Leon Festinger, also influenced by Maslow

S. Asch

Studies conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines

K. Clark and M. Clark

Performed study on doll preferences in African American children (used in Brown v. Board of Education); black and white children preferred white dolls

Darley & Latane

Proposed that there were two factors that could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility

Darley

A. Eagly

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles

L. Festinger

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory

E. Hall

Studies norms for interpersonal distance in interpersonal interactions

F. Heider

Developed balance theory to explain why attitudes change; also devloped attribution theory and divided attribtions into two categories: dispositional and situational

Carl Holvand

studied attitude change, source credibility

I. Janis

Developed the concept of groupthink to explain how group decision making can sometimes go awry

M. Lerner

proposed concept of belief in a just world

K. Lewin 

Divided leadership styles into three categories: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire

W. McGuire

studied how psychological inoculation could help people resist persuation

S. Milgram

studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

T. Newcomb

studied political norms (community influence)

Petty & Cacioppo

developed elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central and peripheral routes to persuasion)

S. Shachter

studies relationship between anxiety and the need for affiliation

M. Sherif

used autokinetic effect to study conformity; also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate increased intergroup cooperation

R. Zajonc

sudied the mere exposure effect; also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission nondominant responses

P. Zimbardo

performed prison simuation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

D. Bem

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (evaluate attitudes based on behavior)

Mary Ainsworth

devised the strange situation to study attachment

D. Baumrind

studied the relationship between parental style and aggression

John Bowlby

studied attachment in human children

Noal Chomsky

linguist who suggest that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and eep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

E. Erikson

outlined eight stages of psychosicial development convering the entire lifespan; ego psychologist

Sigmund Freud

outlined fice stages of pschosexual develoment; stressed the importance of the Oedipal conflict in psychosexual development; origniator of the psychodynamic approach to personality; developed psychoanalysis

Arnold Gesell

believed that development was primarily to maturation

Carol Gilligan

suggested that males and females have different orientations toward morality

G Stanley Hall

founder of developmental psychology

H. Harlow

used monkeys and "surrogate mothers" to study the role of contact comfort in bond formation

Lawrence Kohlberg

studied moral development using moral dilemmas

John Locke

British philosopher who suggested that infance had no predetermined tendencies that they were blank slates (tabbula rasa) to be written on by experience

Konrad Lorenz

ethologist who studied unlearned, instunctual behaviors in the natural environment; studied imprinting on birds

Jean Piaget

outlined four stages of cognitive development

Jean Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society

Lewis Terman

performed longitudal study on gifted children

R. Tryon

studied the gentic basis of maze-running ability in rats

Lev Vygotsky

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development

Alfred Adler

psychodynamic theorist best known for the concept of inferiority complex

Gordon Allport

trait theorist known for the concept of function autonomy; also distunguished between idiographic and nomothic approaches to personality

Albert Bandura

behavioral theorist known for his social learning theory; did modeling experiment using punching bag (Bob doll) - studied observational learning

Sandra L Bem

suggested that masculinity and feminity were two separate dimensions; also linked with concept of androgyny

Raymond Cattell

trait theorist who used factor analysis to study personality; divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan

Dollard and Miller

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behavioral framework; also known for their work on approach-avoidancy conflicts

John dollard

Hans Eysenck

trait theorist who propsed two main dimensions on which human personalities differ: introversion-extroversion and emotional stability-neuroticism

Anna Freud

founder of ego psychology

Karen Horney 

psychodyamic theorist who suggested that there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away

Carl Jung

psychodynamic theorist who broke with Freud over the concept of libido; suggested that the unconscious could be divided into the personal unconcious and the collective unconscious, with archetypes being in the collective unconcious

G. Kelly

based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

Otto Kernberg

object-relations theorist

Melanie Klein

object relations theorist

Kurt Lewin

phenomenological personality theorist who developed fied theory

Margaret Mahler

object-relatons theorist

Abraham Maslow

phenomenological personality theorist known for developing a hierarchy of needs and for the concept of self-actualization

David McClelland

studied need for achievement (nAch)

Walter Mishel

critic of trait theories of personality

Carl Rogers

phenomenological personality theorist;

developed client-centered therapy, based upon the concept of unconditional positive regard

Julian B. Rotter

studied locus of control (internal vs. external); developed a sentence completetion test; a projective test designed to measure personality

W Sheldon

attempted to related somatotype (body type) to personality type

B. F. Skinner

behaviorist; developed principles of operant conditioning

D. W. Winnicott

object-relations theorist

Herman Witkin

studied field-dependence and field-independence using the rod and frame test

Aaron Beck

cognitive behavior therapist known for his therapy for depression

Eugen Bleuler

coined the term schizophrenia

Dorothea Dix

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

A. Ellis

Cognitive behavior therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy (RET)

Emil Kraepelin

developed system in 19th century for classifying mental disorders; DSM-IV can be considered to be a descendent of this system

Phillipe Pinel

reformed asylums in late 18th century

David Rosenhan

investigated the effect of being labeled mentally ill by having psudopatients admitted into mental hospitals

M Seligman

formulated learned helplessness theory of depression

Thomas Szasz

suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote "The Myth of Mental Illness"

Paul Broca

French anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language (Broca's area)

Walter Bradford Cannon

physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investogated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions (physiological arousal and brain circuits both affect subjective emotion experience)

Eric Kandel

demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (Aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission

James & Lange

proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions (that we recognize emotions based on bodily reaction/behavior)

James

Kluver & Bucy

studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

Kluver

Alexandria Luria

Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions

B. Milner

studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy

James Olds & P. Milner

demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats

W. Penfield

Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain

Schachter & Singer

proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions (that physiological arousal will be interpreted as different emotions depending on environmental cues)

Stanley Schachter

Sperry & Gazzaniga

investigated functional dfferences between left and right cerebral hemispheres using "split brain" studies

Gazzaniga

C. Wernicke

German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language (Wernicke's area)

Georg Bekesy

empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory

G. Berkeley

Developed a list of depth cues that help us to perceive depth

Donald Broadbent

proposed filter theory of attention

G. Fechner

developed Fechner's law, which expresses the relationship between the intensity of the stimulus and the intensity of the sensation

Gibson & Walk

developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception

J. Gibson

studied dept cues (especially texture gradients) that help us perceive depths

H. Helmholtz

developed Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of color vision; developed place-resonance theory of pitch perception

Ewald Hering

developed opponent process theory of color vision

David H. Hubel & Torsten Wiesel

studied feature detection in visual cortex and discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells

W. Kohler

developed theory of isomorphism (one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain); studied insight in problem solving

Melzack and Wall

proposed gate theory of pain

(Wall is on the left)

S.S. Stevens

developed Steven's law as an alternative to fechner's law

J. A. Swets

refined Reciever Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in signal detection theory

Wever & Bray

proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to a criticism of the frequency theory of pitch perception

(Wever)

Yerkes & Dodson

developed Yerkes-Dodson Law which states that performance is best at intermediate levels of arousal

(Yerkes)

Breland & Breland

discovered and studied instinctual drift

Charles Darwin

proposed a theory of evolution with natural selection as its centerpiece

J. Garcia

studied taste-aversion learning and proposed that some species are biologically prepared to learn connections between certain stimuli

Ivan Pavlov

discovered the basic principles of classical conditioning

D. Premack

suggested the Premack principle: that a more-preferred ativity could be used to reinfore a less-preferred activity

R. Rescorla

performed experiments which showed that contiguity could not fully explain classical conditioning; proposed contingency theory of classical conditioning

E. Thorndike

proposed the law of effect (basis for operant conditiong); used puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats

Nikolaas Tinbergen

ethologist who introducted experimental methods into field situations

(Tinbergen, left, Lorenz, Right)

JohnWatson

performed experiment on Little Albert that suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning

E. O. Wilson

developed sociobiology

Joseph Wolpe

developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias

F. Bartlett

investigated the role of schemata in memory; concluded that memory is largely a reconstructive process

Collins & Loftus

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory (closeness of association between words -- > speed of response about relationships between them)

Craik & Lockhart

developed the levels of processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage of theory of memory

(Craik)

Herman Ebbinghaus

H. Gardner

proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important; traditional IQ tests measure only two of the seven types

J. Guilford

devised divergent thinking test to measure creativity

Kahneman & Tversky

investigated the use of heuristics in decision-making; studied the availability heuristic and the representativeness heauristic

E. Loftus

studied eyewitness memory and concluded that our memories can be altered by presenting new information or asking misleading questions

Abraham Luchins

used the water-jar problem to study the effect of mental sets on problem solving

Macoby & Jacklin

found support for gender differences in verbal ability

(Maccoby)

McClelland & Rumelhart

suggested that the brain processes information using parallel distributed processing (PDP)

(McClelland)

G. Miller

found that the capacity of short-term memory is seven (plus or minus two) items

Allan Paivio

proposed dual-code hypothesis; abstract information tends to be encoded verbally, wheras concrete information tends to be encoded both visually and verbally

Smith, Shoben, & Rips

devised the semantic feature-comparison model of semantic memory

Charles Spearman

suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g

G. Sperling

studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

R. Sternberg

proposed the triachic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual

Louis Leon Thurstone

used factor analysis to study primary mental abilities - factors more specific than g, but more general than s

B. Whorf

hypothesized that language determines how reality is perceived

Binet & Simon

developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age

(Binet)

J. Holland

developed the RIASEC model of occupational themes

Arthur Jensen

suggested that there were genetically based racial differencese in IQ; this suggestion has been much criticized

Morgan & Murray

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality

(Murray)

Hermann Rorshach

developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality

W. Stern

Developed the concept of the ratio IQ

Strong & Campbell

developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work

(Campbell)

L. Terman

revised the Binet-Simon intelligence test; revision became known as the Stanford Binet IQ Test

David Wechsler

developed several intelligence tests for use with different ages (WPPSI, WISC, WAIS), these tests yield three deviation IQs: verbal, performance, & full-scale

K. von Frisch

ethologist who studed communication in honey bees