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| Info is processed simultaneously on conscious and unconscious tracks. |
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| Recurring sleep stage which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active. |
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| Relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state. |
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| Large, Slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (stage 4) |
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| Remembered story line of a dream |
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| Underlying meaning of a dream |
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| All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |
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| A concept or framework that organizes and interperets information. |
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| Interpereting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. |
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| Adapting our current understandings (Schemas) to incorporate new information. |
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Birth-2 years.
-Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |
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| Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
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Ages 2-7
-Children use to learn language but do not comprehend mental operations of concrete logic. Pretend Play & Egocentrism |
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| Properties such as mass, volume, and number rematin the same despite changes in the forms on the objects. |
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| Preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
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| People's ideas about their own and others mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
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| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
Ages 7-11
-Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
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Age 12
-Begin to think logically about abstract concepts |
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| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |
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| The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |
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| A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |
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| The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement. |
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| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
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| The process of organizing and interpereting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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| Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. |
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| Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and interpretations. |
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| The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. |
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| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
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| Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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| The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response. |
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| The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience this as just a noticeable difference. |
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| The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli mud differ by a constant minimum percentage. (rather than a constant amount) |
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| Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. |
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| The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green, and so on. |
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| The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude. |
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| the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. |
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| The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects to the retina. |
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| Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. |
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| Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. |
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| Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. No receptor cells located here. |
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| The central focus point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster. |
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| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
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| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
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Definition
| The processing of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions including vision. Contrasts with the serial processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic color theory |
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Definition
| Theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one must be sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color. |
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| Theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. |
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| The sense or act of hearing |
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| The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. |
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| A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. |
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| Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. |
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Definition
| A coiled, bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. |
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| Contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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| The sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance. |
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| The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
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| an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
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| The organization of the visual field into objects (the field) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) |
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| The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. |
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| A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. |
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Definition
| Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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| A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance. The grater the disparity the closer the object. |
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Definition
| Depth cues, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
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| Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change. |
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| In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
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| A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. |
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