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Psychology Exam 3
Chapters 12-16
263
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/09/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

behavioral medicine

Definition
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Term

 

 

health psychology

Definition
application of psychological concepts and research to illness prevention and treatment, and to health advancement (a subset of behavioral medicine)
Term

 

 

stress

Definition
process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we perceive as challenging or threatening
Term

 

 

stress reaction

Definition
physical and emotional responses to stressors
Term

 

 

eustress

Definition
pleasant or curative stress
Term

 

 

distress

Definition
unpleasant or disease-producing stress
Term

 

 

fight or flight response

Definition
organism prepares for danger with sympathetic activation
Term

 

 

general adaptation syndrome

Definition

the way the body responds to stressful conditions

-alarm reaction

-stage of resistance

-stage of exhaustion

Term

 

 

alarm reaction

Definition
immediate reaction to stressor (fight or flight response)
Term

 

 

stage of resistance

Definition
(AKA adaptation)

if stress continues, body starts to adapt

ex: starving people become lethargic to conserve energy

Term

 

 

stage of exhaustion

Definition
body's resistance to stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly (after weeks or months)
Term

 

 

catastrophes 

Definition

-unpredictable, large-scale events like an earthquake or tsunami

-depression and anxiety are especially likely reactions 

Term

 

 

significant life changes

Definition
anytime we have to adjust to new life circumstances, there can be stress involved (most people seek order and predictability in their lives)
Term

 

 

daily hassels

Definition
minor, irritating incidents that occur everyday
Term

 

 

frustration

Definition
unpleasant tension, anxiety and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from a blocked goal
Term

 

 

types of stressful life events

Definition

-catastrophes

-significant life changes

-daily hassels

-frustration

Term

 

 

5 sources of frustration (in American life)

Definition

-delays

-lack of resources

-losses

-failure

-discrimination

Term

 

 

Type A Personality

Definition
impatient, hard-driving, ambitious, competitive, and hostile
Term

 

 

Type B Personality

Definition
more relaxed, easy-going, and less easily angered
Term

 

 

hostility

Definition
combination of defensiveness and negative emotions; implicated in narrowing of veins leading to heart
Term

 

 

immune system

Definition

-protects body from any foreign materials that may enter it

-stress lowers effectiveness of immune system function rapidly

Term

 

 

coping

Definition
alleviating stress using emotionally, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Term

 

 

problem-focused coping

Definition
attempting to reduce stress directly- by changing stressor or the way we interact with stressor 
Term

 

 

emotion-focused coping

Definition
attempting to alleviate stress by ignoring or avoiding stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress reactions
Term

 

 

uncontrollable threats

Definition
trigger our strongest stress responses. when we feel like we cannot control the events around us, we are more likely experience ill health
Term

 

 

longitudinal studies of social support

Definition
when compared to people with few relationships, people with more social ties are less likely to die prematurely and more likely to survive for a longer period of time after diagnosed with a disease
Term

 

 

effects of smoking

Definition

-coronary heart disease

-cancers of all types: lung, mouth, throat, etc.

-chronic bronchitis

-emphysema

-ulcers

Term

 

Why do people smoke in the first place?

Definition

usually people start young when they want to impress friends. the media makes it look more attractive to young people

 

Term

 

 

personal fable

Definition

adolescents consider themselves to be special; unique

leads to the belief that bad things wont happen to them

Term

 

 

addictiveness of nicotine

Definition

-comparative to heroine & cocaine

-seconds after you inhale nicotine hits the brain where it causes the release of neurotransmitter that make you feel good

-quitting is difficult due to accessibility of cigarettes 

Term

 

 

binge drinking

Definition
-consuming 5 or more drinks in a row for males, 4 for females
Term

 

 

obesity

Definition
bmi of 30 or more
Term

 

 

social consequences of obesity

Definition

-obese people seen by others as lazy, sloppy, lacking in self discipline, less sincere, obnoxious, and less friendly

-less likely to get hired for a job or married

Term

 

Why do we like fatty & sweet foods?

Definition
because of our evolutionary past, we like the taste of fatty and sweet food because they carry so many calories, not in spite of that fact
Term

 

 

personality

Definition
individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
Term

 

 

the psychoanalytic perspective

Definition

-first comprehensive theory of personality

-based on case studies from Freud's psychoanalytic practice

Term

 

 

conscious 

Definition

thoughts/motives a person is aware of or is remembering

 

ex: short term memory

Term

 

 

preconscious

Definition

thoughts/motives that one can become aware of easily

 

-ex: long term memory

Term

 

 

unconscious 

Definition
thoughts/motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness
Term

 

 

free association

Definition
method of exploring the unconscious; person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind; not censored
Term

 

 

psychoanalysis

Definition

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

 

Term

 

 

the id

Definition
tries to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives
Term

 

 

pleasure principle

Definition

seeks to minimize pain and maximize pleasure 

 

the id is based off this principle

Term

 

 

the ego

Definition
largely conscious "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Term

 

 

reality principle

Definition

tries to forestall action until it has had a chance to perceive reality accurately, consider what has happened in the past, and make realistic plans in the future

-the ego is based off of this principle

Term

 

 

the superego

Definition

our standards of right and wrong 

 

made up of conscience and ego ideal

Term

 

 

morality principle

Definition
societal rules
Term

 

 

conscience

Definition

negative, punitive, and critical

 

ex: a parent telling you what to not do

Term

 

 

ego ideal

Definition

positive aspirations

 

ex: you should give money to charity

Term

 

Psychosexual stages of development

Definition

-oral stage

-anal stage

-phallic or oedipal stage

-latency stage

-puberty (genital stage)

 

Term

 

 

oral stage

Definition

birth-12 to 18 months

baby must nurse to stay alive

also enjoys sucking on thumb, pacifier=autoerotic

Term

 

 

fixation

 

Definition

no matter how far we have advanced beyond it, we maintain a lasting preoccupation with the pleasures and issues of the earlier stage

-produced by 'too much or too little'

Term

 

 

the anal stage

Definition

12-18 months to 3 years

focus on retaining or expelling feces

Term

 

 

anal expulsive

Definition
messy, disorganized
Term

 

 

anal compulsive

Definition
excessively orderly
Term

 

 

phallic or oedipal stage

Definition

3-6 years

odipus/electra complex

castration anxiety

penis envy

Term

 

 

Odipus complex

Definition
boys sexual obsession with mother, jealousy of father
Term

 

 

castration anxiety

Definition

fear of fathers jealousy, dealt with by spending time with the father and learning gender roles

-formation of the superego (wall put up b/c sexual feelings=castration anxiety)

Term

 

 

Electra complex

 

Definition
girl realizes she doesn't have a penis, believes she was born with one but lost it
Term

 

 

penis envy

Definition

-girl feels incomplete

-seeks access to penis through father

-spends time with mother, learns female gender role

-weaker superego (not as afraid of boys, so not as moral)

Term

 

 

the latency stage

Definition

6-puberty

regression of sexual and aggressive impulses

Term

 

 

puberty (the genital stage)

Definition

puberty onward

reawakening of sexual impulses

get out of the house

Term

 

 

defense mechanism

Definition
ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Term

 

 

repression

Definition

basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from unconsciousness

 

ex: when someone cant remember childhood sexual abuse

Term

 

 

regression

Definition

individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage

 

ex: a child sucking their thumb again when going to a new school

Term

 

 

reaction formation

Definition

ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses to their opposites

 

ex: starting to hate someone you love, who doesn't love you back

Term

 

 

projection

Definition

people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

 

ex: people who cheat on their spouses often believe their spouses are cheating on them

Term

 

 

rationalization

Definition

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real reasons for one's actions

 

ex: deciding you can cheat on taxes because you didn't owe that much money anyway

Term

 

 

displacement

Definition

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

 

ex: mother scolds her child who then walks across the room and pours a glass of milk on the cat

Term

 

 

Neo-Freudian

Definition

agreed with Freud in many respects but differed on 2 important issues:

-more importance to conscious thoughts/motives

-less concerned with sexual and aggressive impulses 

Term

 

 

Adler's Theory

Definition
each of us is born into the world with a sense of inferiority. we strive to overcome these deficiencies by becoming superior to those around us
Term

 

 

striving for superiority

 

Definition
trying to overcome childhood deficiencies by becoming better than others. Adler saw this as the main driving force behind all human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
Term

 

 

inferiority complex

Definition

feelings of incompetence & worthlessness left over from infancy

-can develop if success is not found when striving for inferiority

Term

 

 

Jung's Analytic Psychology

Definition

believed there was more to unconscious than Freud theorized

 

-collective unconscious

 

-archetypes

Term

 

 

collective unconscious

Definition
shared inherited reservoir of memory; explains why fears, behaviors and thoughts are shared cross-culturally
Term

 

 

archetypes

Definition
images or patterns of thoughts, feelings and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious
Term

 

 

animus

Definition

masculine side of female

 

ex) warrior female characters

Term

 

 

anima

Definition

feminine side of male

 

ex) manipulative male character

Term

 

 

shadow

Definition

unconscious dark side of our personality

 

ex) often represented by the devil

Term

 

 

Horney's feminine psychology

Definition

-big influence on feminism

-womb envy

-unlike Freud who cited biology to explain differences between male and female personality, Horney argued for a societal and cultural explanation 

Term

 

 

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Definition

examinee is asked to look at bilaterally symmetrical inkblots and describe what they see in as much detail as possible

-lacks both reliability and validity 

Term

 

 

Thematic Apperception Test

Definition

examinee is asked to look at a picture and make up a story to explain it

 

-lacks both reliability and validity

Term

 

 

Humanistic Theories

Definition
gets its name from its belief in the basic goodness and respect of humankind
Term

 

 

Self-Actualization

Definition
complete understanding of self; it means no longer feeling shame or guilt, or even hate but to accept the world and see human nature as inherently good
Term

 

 

self-concept

Definition
all information/ beliefs individuals have about own nature, qualities, and behavior
Term

 

 

unconditional positive regard

Definition
positive behavior towards someone with no contingencies attached 
Term

 

 

Gordon Allport & traits

Definition
the best way to understand personality was to study individuals and arrange their personality traits into a hierarchy with the most important on the top and the lesser traits below 
Term

 

 

Raymond Cattell & traits

Definition
condensed the list of 4500 traits to 30-35 basic traits using factor analysis
Term

 

 

factor analysis

Definition
statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data
Term

 

 

Hans and Sybil Eyenck & traits

Definition

personality is a relationship between two traits

-introvert/extrovert

-emotional stability/instability

Term

 

 

the "big five" model

Definition

-extraversion

-agreeableness

-conscientiousness

-openness to new experiences

-neuroticism (emotional stability)

Term

 

Personality Inventories

AKA Objective Tests

Definition
standardized questionnaires that require written responses, typically to multiple choice or true/false items
Term

 

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Definition

most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality test. the examinee is presented with a series of affirmative statements and asked to answer true, false or cannot say

-designed to identify lie, validity, and correction score

-empirically derived

Term

 

 

Lie Score

Definition

indicates you are lying to make yourself look good

-ex: i like every single person i meet

Term

 

 

validity score

Definition

indicates a careless or random response pattern

-similar questions worded slightly differently

Term

 

 

correction score

Definition
indicates whether examinee is trying to "fake good"- make themselves look healthier than they actually are, or that they are trying to fake bad mental health
Term

 

 

empirically derived

Definition
items were chosen not based on theory, but based on their ability to discriminate among different psychiatric and normal populations
Term

 

 

lack of explanation

Definition
theories describe people but dont tell you why they are that way
Term

 

 

situational determinants

Definition
some researchers believe you just cannot predict what people can do in any given situation-traits are meaningless
Term

 

 

social-cognitive perspective

Definition
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context
Term

 

 

reciprocal determinism

Definition

Bandura personality is shaped by interaction between thoughts, behavior, and environment

-ex: if you believe you cant pass a class you wont try as hard

Term

 

 

external locus of control

Definition
people who think environment and external forces have primary control over their lives
Term

 

 

internal locus of control

Definition
people who think they can control the events in their lives through their own effects
Term

 

Assessing the social-cognitive perspective

Definition
some psychologists think that focusing on situational factors overlooks inner traits
Term

 

 

ideal self

Definition
the person we would like to become
Term

 

 

feared self

Definition
the person you see as possible to become but want to avoid becoming
Term

 

 

people with high self esteem

Definition

feel happier, sleep better, conform less, persist at difficult tasks, experience less loneliness and have better social experiences

-unclear whether these benefits are the result of self esteem or if self esteem results from these outcomes

Term

 

 

self serving bias

Definition

the readiness to perceive oneself favorably

-people accept responsibility more readily for good deeds than for bad

-most people see themselves a better than average

Term

 

 

psychological disorder

Definition
deviant, stressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
Term

 

 

deviant

Definition

differing from the norm of the accepted standards of psychology

-varies by culture, context & time

Term

 

 

trephining

Definition
boring holes in the skull to let out evil spirits used by people in the stone age
Term

 

Hippocrates' view of psychological disorders

Definition
-naturalistic view; madness was like any other sickness- a natural even rising from natural causes
Term

 

 

The Four Humors

Definition

a traditional theory of psychology in which the state of health depended on a balance of the four elemental fluids

-blood-air-sanguine

-yellow-bile-fire

-phlegm-water-phlegmatic

-black bile-earth-melancholic

Term

 

 

blood-air-sanguine

Definition
courageous, hopeful, libidinous
Term

 

 

yellow bile-fire-choleric

Definition
violent, easily angered
Term

 

 

phlegm-water-phlegmatic

Definition
calm, unemotional
Term

 

 

black bile-earth-melancholic

Definition
sad, sleepless, irritable
Term

 

 

Phillipe Pinel

Definition

became director of Bicêtre Hospital in Paris; advocated a medical model of mental illness

-led to better treatment of mentally ill

Term

 

The Biopsychosocial Model of Mental Illness

Definition
a view of mental disorders as caused by a combination of interacting biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Term

 

 

Medical Model of Mental Illness

Definition
diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and possibly cured
Term

 

 

biological factors

Definition
physical illness (high fever=change in behavior), disruptions in bodily processes (hormone imbalance), and genetic influences
Term

 

 

psychological factors

Definition
our reactions to tress and trauma, unrealistic beliefs, learning history, etc.
Term

 

 

sociocultural factors

Definition

way of looking at mental disorders in relation to age, gender, ethnicity, and other social and cultural factors 

-ex: women more likely to be depressed than men

Term

 

 

diathesis stress approach

Definition

views psychological disorders as arising when a predisposition for a disorder combines with sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms

-ex: you may have "alcohol gene" but may not show signs until something triggers it

Term

 

 

anxiety disorders

Definition

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

-when anxiety becomes and excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations

Term

 

 

generalized anxiety disorder

Definition

chronic, uncontrollable, and excessive worry not focused on any particular object or situation

-physical symptoms: fatigue, headaches, muscle tension, muscle aches, difficulty swallowing, etc.

Term

 

 

panic disorder

Definition

sudden and inexplicable attacks of intense fear; symptoms include difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, feelings of impending doom

-not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder

Term

 

 

comorbidity

Definition
having more than one disorder; especially depression and alcoholism
Term

 

 

phobia

Definition

intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a particular object or situation

-three main categories: agoraphobia, simple phobias, social phobias

Term

 

 

agoraphobia

Definition
fear of public places; may be related to previous panic attacks
Term

 

 

simple phobias

Definition
very specific fears
Term

 

 

social phobia

Definition
excessive self-consciousness, fear of public scrutiny or humiliation in common social situations, and fear of negative evaluation of others
Term

 

 

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Definition

characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions), and/or repetitive behavior (compulsions)

-performing the compulsions provides only temporary relief and not performing them increases anxiety

Term

 

 

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Definition

-usually appears within 3 months of the trauma, but sometimes the disorder appears later

 

-intrusion

-avoidance

-hyperarousal

Term

 

 

intrusion

Definition
memories of trauma reoccur unexpectedly; flashbacks
Term

 

 

avoidance

Definition
often avoids close emotional ties with family, colleagues, and friends; reminders of event; survivors guilt
Term

 

 

hyperarousal

Definition
act as if constantly threatened by trauma; jumpy, tense
Term

 

explaining anxiety disorders: the learning perspective

Definition

-fear conditioning

-observational learning

Term

 

 

fear conditioning

Definition
we can become anxious when exposed to unpredictable, uncontrollable negative events
Term

 

 

observational learning

Definition
we can also learn fear from the behavior of others, especially parents
Term

 

Explaining Anxiety Disorders: the Biological Perspective

Definition

-natural selection (AKA biopreparedness):easier to fear snakes, dark, etc.

-genes:some people may be genetically predisposed to high levels of anxiety

-the brain:GAD, panic attacks, compulsions are associated with increased activity in parts of the brain involved with impulse control and habitual behaviors

Term

 

 

dissociative disorders

Definition
conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
Term

 

 

dissociative identity disorder

Definition

presence of two or more distinct personality systems in the same individual at different times

-it has been suggested that many cases of DID are actually bi-products of the therapy process

Term

 

 

personality disorders

Definition
inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause significant impairment of social and occupational functioning
Term

 

 

antisocial personality disorder

Definition

(formerly called psychopath or sociopath) characterized by a lack of conscious; gets worse with therapy b/c they learn to manipulate people

-3 symptoms seen in childhood: firesetting, bedwetting, cruelty to animals

Term

 

 

anhedonia

Definition
loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed
Term

 

 

dysthymic disorder

Definition
chronic but less severe form of depression; depressed mood for at least two years (1 year in children) accompanied by at least two other symptoms
Term

 

bipolar disorder

AKA manic depressive illness

Definition
mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
Term

 

 

mania

Definition
hyperactive, wildly optimistic state; diagnosed if elevated mood occurs with three or more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly everyday for one week or longer
Term

 

 

hypomania

Definition
mild to moderate level of mania
Term

 

 

Genetic Influences of Mood Disorders

Definition
mood disorders often run in families; probly not a depression gene, instead it is likely that several genes all contribute a small amount to the development of the mood disorder
Term

 

 

Norepinephrine 

Definition
neurotransmitter; increases arousal, boosts mood; levels tend to be low when depressed and high when manic
Term

 

 

serotonin

Definition
neurotransmitter; involved in regulation of mood; levels tend to be low when someone is depressed
Term

 

 

neural activity

Definition
brain tends to be less active during depression and more active during mania
Term

 

the sociocognitive perspective of mood disorders

Definition
influence of biological predisposition, negative thoughts and environmental factors
Term

 

 

depressed people see bad events as:

Definition

stable: situation will last forever

global: it will ruin everything in my life

internal: its all my fault

Term

 

 

schizophrenia 

Definition

group of psychotic disorders involving major disturbances in perception, language, emotion, thought, and behavior

-withdraw from people easily

Term

 

 

perceptual symptoms of schizophrenia

Definition
filtering and selection processes that allow most people to concentrate on whatever they chose are impaired, and sensory stimulation is jumbled and distorted; hallucinations
Term

 

 

hallucinations

Definition
sensory perceptions that occur without an external stimulus
Term

 

language and thought disturbances in schizophrenia

Definition

-words lose their meanings, logic is impaired, and thoughts may be disorganized or just bizarre

-word salad: a jumble of extremely incoherent speech

-neologisms: made up words

-delusions

Term

 

 

paranoid delusions

Definition
false and irrational beliefs that they are being cheated, harassed, poisoned or conspired against
Term

 

 

delusions of grandeur

Definition
person may believe he or she is a famous or important figure
Term

 

 

delusions of reference

Definition
person gives unrelated events special significance
Term

 

 

emotional disturbances of schizophrenia

Definition
this can range from exaggerated emotions to "blunted" or "flat" effect; emotional responses can also be inappropriate
Term

 

behavioral disturbances of schizophrenia

Definition

unusual actions that may have special meaning

-ex: tics, pacing, rocking

-some may be result of medicine

-cataleptic; waxy flexibility

Term

 

 

cataleptic

Definition
decreased or no response to external stimuli; muscular rigidity 
Term

 

 

dopamine overactivity in schizophrenics

Definition
postmortem examinations have shown an abnormal number of dopamine receptors-- as much as 6 times the normal amount
Term

 

abnormal brain activity and anatomy in schizophrenics

Definition

-enlargement of ventricles (fluid filled cavities)

-decreased size of certain brain regions

-decreased metabolic activity in certain brain regions

 

Term

 

 

genetic factors of schizophrenia

Definition

-runs in families

 

Term

 

 

psychotherapy

Definition
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Term

 

 

psychoanalysis

Definition

method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognizing and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions

-five main techniques: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference & interpretation

Term

 

 

free association

Definition
reporting whatever comes to mind without censoring
Term

 

 

dream analysis

Definition

ego does not defend well against urges of unconscious during sleep

-manifest content: immediate content of dream

-latent content: the "true" meaning of the dream

Term

 

 

analyzing resistance

Definition
a stage in psychoanalysis when a patient avoids the analyst's attempts to bring threatening unconscious material into conscious awareness
Term

 

 

analyzing transference

Definition
patient may displace unconscious feelings about a significant person in his or her life onto a therapist
Term

 

 

interpretation

Definition
psychoanalyst's explanation of a patient's free associations, dreams, resistance and transference; any statement by a therapist that presents a a patient's problem in a new way 
Term

 

 

psychodynamic therapy

Definition

modern form of psychoanalysis that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces;

 

several things are different-- briefer, face-to-face, less emphasis on unconscious and past, more directive

Term

 

 

humanistic therapies

Definition

goal is to maximize personal growth by adjusting the client's emotional reactions

-focuses on: the present and future, conscious rather than unconscious, taking responsibility for one's actions instead of searching the past for reasons, promoting growth instead of "curing illness"

-use term 'client' instead of 'patient'

Term

 

 

Carl Rogers and client-centered therapy

Definition

allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgement, or interpretation from the therapist

four main aspects:

-empathy

-unconditional positive regard

-genuineness

-active listening

Term


empathy
Definition
appreciate/understand how world looks from clients point of view
Term

 

 

unconditional positive regard

Definition
attitude that conveys a caring for, and acceptance of the client as a valued person
Term

 

genuineness

AKA authenticity

Definition
aware of/able to share one's true inner thoughts/ feeling
Term

 

 

active listening

Definition
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Term

 

 

behavior therapies

Definition
treatments that use learning principles to change behavior
Term

 

 

Exposure Therapies

Definition
treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or in actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
Term

 

 

Systematic Desensitization

Definition
clients visualize and are exposed to a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
Term

 

 

virtual reality exposure therapy

Definition
progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking
Term

 

 

Aversive Conditioning

Definition

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

ex:antabuse- ethical? looks at symptom, not original problem

Term

 

 

operant conditioning

Definition
we can modify behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and withholding rewards or punishing unwanted behaviors
Term

 

 

token economy

Definition

operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

-often used in institutional settings 

Term

 

 

cognitive therapies

Definition
teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Term

 

 

Beck's cognitive therapy

Definition

anxiety and depression caused by:

-errors in logic (if i fail this will ruin my life)

-false beliefs (thinking your friends really dont like you, they just pity you)

-thoughts that minimize personal achievement (thinking you got lucky on an exam instead of recognizing that you did well because you studied)

Term

 

 

cognitive-behavior therapy

Definition
combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy
Term

 

 

group therapy

Definition
treatment of several unrelated clients under the guidance of a therapist
Term

 

 

advantages of group therapy

Definition

-see how clients interact, judge social skills

-realize others have same problems

-boost self confidence/ self-acceptance of others

-clients can learn from one another

-may make people more willing to share feelings

Term

 

 

family therapy

Definition

treats the family as a system; views individual's unwanted behavior as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members towards positive relationships and improved communications

*goal-- help individual problems and create a more harmonious atmosphere

Term

 

 

couple's therapy

Definition

focuses on improving communication between partners

-every couple argues-- but the way you argue makes a difference

Term

 

 

culture in psychotherapy

Definition

-clients in the US are working in an individualistic culture

-clients who have immigrated from Asian cultures may experience difficulties relating to therapies that put the individual in primary focus

Term

 

 

biomedical therapies

Definition
prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
Term

 

 

psychopharmacology

Definition
study of the effects of drugs on minds and behavior
Term

 

 

Neuroleptics AKA antipsychotics

Definition

drugs that relieve the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia

-difficult to determine proper dosage

-many older drugs led to tardive dyskinesia which led to noncompliance

-newer drugs inc. risk of obesity & diabetes

Term

 

 

antianxiety drugs

Definition

minor tranquilizers that lower the activity of the CNS, allowing patients to feel calmer and less anxious

-problems: they don't treat underlying issues; can cause dependency

Term

 

 

antidepressants

Definition

drugs that relieve depression; also prescribed for anxiety disorders

 

-four main types:

tricyclics

MAOIs

SSRIs

atypical antidepressants

Term

 

 

tricyclics

Definition
act on multiple neurochemical pathways in the brain
Term

 

 

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Definition
blocks enzyme that breaks down serotonin and other neurotransmitters
Term

 

 

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Definition
affect only serotonin levels
Term

 

 

atypical antidepressants

Definition
miscellaneous group of drugs used when people fail to respond to other types of antidepressants, or who experience side effects from them
Term

 

How might antidepressants temporarily increase the risk of suicide?

Definition
the drugs may help lift them out apathy of depression long enough to come up with a suicide plan
Term

 

 

mood-stabilizing medications

Definition
used to stabilize mood swings associated with bipolar disorder
Term

 

 

Electroconvulsive therapy

Definition

brief electrical shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce depression that does not respond to drug treatments

-produces convulsions and sometimes memory loss

Term

 

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Definition

weak electric currents are induced in the tissue by rapidly changing the magnetic fields

-avoids seizures and memory loss produced my ECT

-apparently useful for schizophrenia, depression; need more data

Term

 

 

psychosurgery

Definition

surgical procedures that destroy tissues in the small regions in the brain in an effort to threat psychological disorders

-theory behind it is destroying parts of the frontal lobe disrupts the emotional reactions in disturbed people

Term

 

 

prefrontal lobotomy

Definition

drill two holes in forehead, introduce a small metal instrument that severs the frontal lobe from the back of the brain

-in most cases you can still talk, just very calm

Term

 

 

transorbital lobotomy

Definition
similar to prefrontal lobotomy, but enter between eye and body socket
Term

 

 

social psychology

Definition
the study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings and actions
Term

 

 

attribution

Definition
principles used to judge the causes of events and our own and other's behavior
Term

 

 

attribution theory

Definition
suggest how we explain someone else's behavior- by creating either the situation or the person's disposition
Term

 

 

dispositional attribution

Definition

decide cause of persons behavior is something about him or her

ex: he didnt apologize because hes a jerk

Term

 

 

situational attribution

Definition

decide cause of person's behavior was something about a situation

ex: he didnt apologize because its crowded in here and he didnt notice

Term

 

 

fundamental attribution error

Definition
misjudging causes of others' behavior- overestimating internal personal factors and underestimating external situational influences
Term

 

 

perceptual salience

Definition

what we can easily perceive with our senses

-leads us to believe the a person is the sole cause of their behavior and not the situation

Term

 

 

confomity

Definition
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term

 

 

social norms

Definition
rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
Term

 

 

injunctive norms

Definition

behaviors seen as being approved by other people (what youre supposed to do)

-ex: youre not supposed to cheat on your spouse

Term

 

 

descriptive norms

Definition

how other people are actually behaving

-ex: a lot of people cheat

Term

 

 

explicit norms

Definition

written or spoken openly

-ex: laws, ten commandments

Term

 

 

implicit norms

Definition

not openly stated

-ex: dont talk to the guy next to you while using a urinal

Term

 

 

confederate

Definition
a mock participant actually working for the experimenter
Term

 

 

Normative Social Influence

Definition

-desire to be liked or accepted by other people

-fundamental human need to belong to social groups

-will happen even in a group of strangers

Term

 

 

Social Influence & Culture

Definition
collectivistic cultures like Japan are far more likely to be influenced than more individualistic cultures such as the US (although it is still a powerful influence here) 
Term

 

 

Informational Social Influence

Definition

using other persons as guidelines esp when you dont know what is going on

-ex: when a group of people run by screaming you will probably follow

Term

 

 

Reference Groups

Definition

people we want to conform to because we like and admire them and want to be like them

-ex: little brother looking up to older sibling

Term

 

 

Negative Referent Power

Definition
changing our behavior to separate ourselves from people we dislike
Term

 

 

obedience

Definition
following direct commands usually from an authority figure
Term

 

 

social facilitation

Definition

stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

-increased motivation

Term

 

 

social inhibition

Definition

sometimes the presence of others inhibits one's performance

-increased arousal from others impedes performance

Term

 

 

social loafing

Definition
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Term

 

 

cross-cultural studies of loafing

Definition

found fairly universal tendency toward social loafing

-greater in individualistic cultures

Term

 

 

Deindividuation

Definition

sometimes people seem to lose themselves in a crowd and act differently from how they would if they were alone

-also called social contagion (mob behavior is infectious)

-increases when individuals are anonymous and as size of group gets larger

Term

 

 

stereotype

Definition
generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people; can be positive or negative
Term

 

 

discrimination

Definition

unjustifiable negative behaviors toward the groups that are the target of prejudice

-people in the US are less overtly prejudice on the basis of race in sex

Term

 

 

prejudice

Definition
an unjustifiable attitude, usually negative, toward the members of a group; based solely on membership in that group
Term

 

 

scapegoat theory

Definition
prejudice often offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else to blame
Term

 

 

categorization

Definition

stereotyping is merely a way we have of simplifying how we look at the world

-we minimize cognitive efforts by developing some meaningful, accurate attitudes about some topics, and simple, sketchy beliefs for other topics

Term

 

 

vivid cases

Definition
we often judge the frequency of events by the number of instances we can easily remember
Term

 

 

just-world phenomenon

Definition

we tend to think that people get what the deserve

-ex: poor people must have done something to become poor; women who were raped were somehow asking for it

Term

 

 

social learning view

Definition
prejudice is acquired through direct observation of others and through the internalization of social norms
Term

 

 

realistic conflict

Definition
the view that prejudice sometimes stems from direct competition between various social groups over scarce and valued resources
Term

 

 

aggression

Definition

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

-inherited tendencies: helps males get mates and females protect their young

-runs in families

Term

 

 

defensive aggression

Definition

heightened aggressiveness to stimuli that re not usually threatening or a decrease in the responses that normally inhibit aggression

-due to damage to the limbic system

Term

 

 

testosterone & aggression

Definition

men have about 25 times the amount of testosterone that females have and are more aggressive

-levels in men peak from the late teens to the mid-20's which is also when aggression is the highest

Term

 

 

aggression and culture

Definition

individualistic cultures tend to show more violence than collectivistic cultures

-our culture also teaches us about aggression: men not allowed to hit women, fights more acceptable in a bar than in church, etc. 

Term

 

 

frustration

Definition
the interference with or blocking of the attainment of a goal
Term

 

 

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Definition
frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior
Term

 

generalized arousal and excitation transfer

Definition
arousal from one experience may carry over to an independent situation
Term

 

 

environmental influences on aggression

Definition

-hot temperatures equals more violence

-air pollution, unwanted uncontrollable sound, and overcrowding also increase the risk of aggression

Term

 

 

prosocial behavior

Definition

a helpful action that benefits other people without necessarily providing any direct benefits to the person performing the act

ex: running into a burning building to save a stranger

Term

 

 

altruism

Definition
an unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Term

 

 

bystander effect

Definition
as the number of bystanders increases the probability that any one bystander will help decreases
Term

 

 

diffusion of responsibility

Definition
the more people, the less personally responsible any one person feels
Term

 

ambiguity in the interpretation of the situation

Definition
if we're not sure what is happening, we look to others
Term

 

 

evaluation apprehension

Definition
afraid of doing the wrong thing in front of others
Term

 

five steps in deciding to help in an emergency

Definition

  1. noticing the emergency
  2. interpreting situation as an emergency
  3. assuming it is your responsibility to help
  4. knowing what to do 
  5. making the decision to help- risk analysis

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