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| has to do with transforming energy from the stimuli outside us (light or sound waves) into neutral energy that can be used for perception. |
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| involves mentally creating an image of the outside world and construction meaning out of sensation |
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| the area of psychology addressing the topic of sensation |
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| says that our ability to notice a stimulus will vary due to psychological factors including motivation, past experience, and expectations |
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| the minimum stimulation needed for a given person to detect a given stimulus. It is the intensity necessary for a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time that it’s presented. |
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| Just noticeable difference (jnd) or Difference threshold |
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| the smallest differene a person can detect between two similar stimuli |
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| jnd increases in proportion to the intensity or magnitude of the stimuli. Any given difference is harder to notice with more intense, powerful stimuli than with weaker ones. |
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| predisposes us to attend to stimuli that matter to us and not attend to stimuli that don’t. |
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| a cell that is triggered by certain features |
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| illustrates that ideas about reality have to be chosen, organized, and interpreted, not simply detected. |
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| formulates rules by which the brain pieces together meaningful experiences out of fragments of sensation. Research shows that the mind fills in gaps in our sensations |
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| allows us to estimate distances between ourselves and the objects we see. Allows us to see objects in 3 dimensions (a perception) despite the fact that the images on our retinas are only in two dimensions (a sensation) |
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| require both eyes, rely on spacing between eyes |
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| one cue to distance, because each retina receives a slightly different picture of the world |
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| a binocular clue, the extent to which eyes must turn inward to view an object |
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| depth perception requiring only one eye |
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| refers to the fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away |
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| Motion parallax (or relative motion) |
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| refers to the apparent movement of stable objects as we ourselves move. |
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| an object in the distance that you look at as you move. Objects near it appear to be moving backward. The closer they are, the faster they seem to move. Objects farther from it seem to move with you, more slowly as they get farther away. |
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| when one object partially blocks out another, we perceive it as closer |
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| also influence judgements of depth. Objects that are close tend to appear distinct and those far away blend together |
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| a concept stating that experiences shape our perceptions |
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| a period during which exposure to appropriate stimuli is required in order for the various perceptual skills to develop |
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| predispositions to perceive one thing and not another |
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| Bottom-up fashion of processing information |
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| from simple sensory receptors to more complex neural networks |
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| Top-down fashion of processing information |
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| from expectations, motives and contextual clues to raw sensory data |
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| states that a person’s ability to detect a stimuli will vary due to psychological influences such as past experiences and expectations. |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
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| The environment around us has way too much information than we can retain in our awareness, thus _______ _______ is necessary for us to focus on one aspect of our environment while ignoring another. This concept demonstrates that our perceptions of reality are chosen, organized and interpreted not just detected. |
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| The term used to describe our ability to realize depth, the ability to differentiate the relative distance of objects with an obvious physical displacement between the objects. |
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| If appropriate sensory stimulation is not present early on in our development, various perceptual skills fail to develop on a neural level, resulting in _________ __________ |
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| Light enters the eye through the _____ and then the lens of the eye focuses light on the retina, the back of the eyeball. |
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| Photoreceptors in the center of the retina that are responsible for color vision are called ____ |
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| Photoreceptors in the eyes responsible for night vision and peripheral vision are known as ____. |
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| Tendencies to perceive a certain thing and not another; an example is perceiving the sound of water hitting the sink as the doorbell ringing if you are expecting company while you’re washing dishes. |
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| The Young-Helmholtz theory |
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| states that the existence of three types of cones allows different sensitivities to lights of different wavelengths that produce primary hues red, green, and blue, as was proposed in the 19th century by Thomas _____ and Hermann von ______. |
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| Ewald Hering stated a human’s visual system understands information about color by processing signals from cones in an antagonistic manner in his _________ _________ theory. Ewald Hering explains visual images that are the complementary color of the image of the stimulus; for example, if you stare at a blue dot and then look at a white paper, you will see the afterimage of a yellow dot because yellow is the complimentary color of blue. |
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| The function of the ______ ear is to collect sound waves. (pinna) |
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| The ______ ear receives sound waves after they strike the eardrum and contains three tiny bones that intensify the force of the vibrations. |
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| Within the _____ ear, there are receptors for hearing, hair cells, located within the cochlea responsible for converting vibrations into nerve impulses that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. |
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| Sound, the stimulus for hearing, is made up of a series of pressures that can be represented as ____ |
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| Amplitude, frequency, and purity |
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| The three characteristics of sound waves |
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| The greater the _____ of a sound wave, the greater loudness is perceived. |
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| the property of a sound wave measured by its perceived frequency |
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| The characteristics of a sound allowing the ear to distinguish sounds with the same pitch and loudness |
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| bumps on the tongue that each contain several taste buds from which information is sent to the brain |
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| the sense of taste is known |
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| The sense of smell, known as _____, is stimulated by volatile chemical substances in the air. |
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| Sensations of body rotation and of gravitation and movement are known as _________ senses.These senses arise in the inner ear. |
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| The sense of body rotation originates in the three ________ ________ in the inner ear. |
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| The sensations of gravitation and movement originate from movement of two ________ _____ within each ear. |
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| the sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body |
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| The skin contains receptors for touch/pressure, temperature, and _____. |
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