Term
| advantages of self-report data |
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Definition
1. relatively easy to obtain
2. sometimes the only valid way to assess the psychological characteristic of interest |
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Term
| disadvantages of self-report data |
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Definition
1. people may be unaware of some of their own psychological characteristics
2. people may lie for social acceptability purposes |
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Term
| advantages of other-informant data |
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Definition
1. potential for lots of information
2. multiple opinions can lead to consensus through cross-examination |
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Term
| disadvantages of other-informant data |
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Definition
| 1. errors and biases, e.g. bad/false memory |
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Term
| advantages of life-outcome data |
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Definition
| 1. no chance of answer-manipulation |
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Term
| disadvantages of life-outcome data |
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Definition
1. more than one psychological factor behind most life history "facts"
2. limited availability |
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Term
| advantages of test (behavioral) data |
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Definition
1. can elicit behavior that would otherwise be difficult to capture
2. high level of control (can test a specific hypothesis)
3. objective and quantifiable |
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Term
| disadvantages of test (behavioral) data |
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Definition
1. alteration in behavior (subject knows he is being tested)
2. experimenter being biased
3. uncertain interpretations |
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Term
| differences between self-report and test data |
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Definition
test data: behavior manipulation (personality characteristics in a specific context)
self-report data: evaluating self (broad judgement relating to a variety of situations) |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency or repeatability of the measure; i.e. a reliable test would achieve similar results when given to the same person multiple times (not affected by mood, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| accuracy of the measure; i.e. the measure tests what it claims to be testing |
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Term
| generalizability (external validity) |
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Definition
| answers can be extended to other situations, populations, etc. |
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Term
| strengths of the case study |
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Definition
1. allows great detail and exploration
2. appropriate for investigation of rare and extreme events
3. helps form theories to test on greater population |
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Term
| limitations of the case study |
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Definition
1. limited generalizability
2. creates entangled relationships among variables |
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Term
| strengths of the experimental study |
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Definition
1. controlled observations
2. causal explanations by manipulating independent variable to see effect on dependent variable
3. manipulation of behavior/independent variables which enables the psychologist to determine exactly what is causing the change in the dependent variable (usually the person) by isolation one independent variable |
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Term
| limitations of the experimental study |
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Definition
1. ethical constraints (manipulation)
2. generalizability
3. experimental bias |
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Term
| strengths of the correlational study |
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Definition
1. fewer ethical constraints
2. assesses relationship between a wide range of variables that can be picked
3. large samples, easily obtained |
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Term
| limitations of the correlational study |
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Definition
1. cannot infer causation, only associational relationships
2. the third variable problem |
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Term
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Definition
| use ambiguous stimuli (e.g. Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test) |
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Term
| strengths of the projective technique |
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Definition
1. allows the patient to reveal characteristics in psychology without being prompted to answer a specific question in a certain area
2. overcomes defense mechanisms of patients
3. captures the complexity of the human personality
4. is interpreted holistically |
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Term
| limitations of the projective technique |
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Definition
1. interpretation is necessary, so biases and misinterpretations are possible
2. subjective |
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Term
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Definition
outlines ethical principles for the protection of human subjects; has three main tenets:
1. respect for persons
2. beneficence (maximize benefit, minimize risk for subjects)
3. justice
three rights of research participants: informed consent, freedom from harm, confidentiality |
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Term
| Basic assumptions of the psychodynamic viewpoint (Freud) |
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Definition
1. psychic determinism (nothing happens by chance or accident)
2. the mind is a closed energy system (psychic energy drives all behavior; limited amount of energy/conservation of energy)
3. basic instincts (libido-life instinct; thanatos-death instinct) |
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Term
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Definition
| follows the pleasure principle-seeks pleasure and avoids pain; amoral; selfish; part of the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| seeks perfection; internalized values and morals of society; part of the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| "executive" of personality; constrains the id to reality; operates according to the reality principle; must take into account the incompatible and equally unrealistic demands of the id and superego |
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Term
| characteristics of primary process thinking |
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Definition
| part of the id; how the unconscious mind operates; language of the unconscious; illogical and irrational |
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Term
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Definition
| a signal to the ego that it is being threatened; the result of undischarged sexual impulses; develops out of a conflict by the push of id instincts and the threat of punishment by the superego |
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Term
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Definition
1. objective (realistic) anxiety - caused by real dangers in the world
2. neurotic anxiety - direct conflict between id and ego
3. moral anxiety - ego sensing a threat from the superego |
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Term
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Definition
| ways to distort reality and exclude feelings from consciousness so as to avoid anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| repressing ideas to keep them unconscious; motivated forgetting |
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Term
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Definition
| not seeing the existence of a traumatic or socially unacceptable fact |
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Term
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Definition
| taking threatening impulse and channeling it to a non-threatening target |
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Term
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Definition
| projecting thoughts onto another |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as intellectualization; stripping the emotion from a difficult memory |
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Term
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Definition
| with the aggressor to make it less traumatic |
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Term
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Definition
| regressing to a previous stage because it is easier to cope with |
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Term
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Definition
| a threatening impulse that is so strong that the person acts in the manner of a very strong behavior on the other extreme |
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Term
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Definition
| generating acceptable reasons for unacceptable impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| channeling something negative into something socially acceptable |
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Term
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Definition
timing: first 18 months of life;
erogenous zone - mouth, lips, and tongue;
conflict: feeding and thumbsucking - receiving and taking;
theme: dependency;
fixation: oral-incorporative;
oral personality type: narcissistic |
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Term
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Definition
timing: ages 2 and 3
erogenous zone: anus;
theme: control;
conflict: toilet training;
fixation: anal expulsive or anal retentive; |
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Term
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Definition
timing: ages 4 to 5;
zone: genitals;
theme: what it means to be a boy or girl;
conflict: oedipus conflict (boys have castration anxiety and want their mother; girls have penis envy and want their father);
personality: males (being alpha male/macho)... females (flirtatious, idealize love and relationships) |
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Term
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Definition
timing: age 6 - puberty;
decrease in sexual urges;
experiments with new roles;
lack of specific sexual conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
timing: puberty through death;
zone: genitals;
theme: creation, perpetuation, enhancement of life;
stage is reached only by resolving conflicts of prior stages; successful fulfillment of each stage = healthy adult |
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Term
| Freud's definition of mental health |
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Definition
| ability "to love and to work" |
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Term
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Definition
| make the unconscious conscious; identity unconscious thoughts and feelings and deal with urges realistically and maturely |
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Term
| techniques of psychoanalysis |
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Definition
1. free association;
2. dream interpretation (identifying unconscious desires);
3. projective techniques;
non-threatening; deals with underlying conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
| a slip-up that results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts |
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Term
| strengths of Freud's theory |
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Definition
1. first comprehensive theory of human nature
2. major impact on western thought
3. foundation for later theories |
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Term
| weaknesses of Freud's theory |
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Definition
1. difficult to test
2. over-emphasis on sexual drives and early personality formation
3. male chauvinistic |
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Term
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Definition
1. emphasis on illogical/irrational processes
2. content emphasis on motives and wishes
3. emphasis on motivated aspects on unconscious functioning |
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