Term
Gnostic
(subcomposed of Protopathic and Epicritic) |
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Definition
information you know after immediate experience; ex. seeing light at a certain color, hearing a particular sound, responding to touch on the skin, responding to pain, the changes in temperature, etc.
(Name its 2 subcomponents) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensations less distinguished in borders; ex. sensation of temperature is more generalized throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| sharply distinguished sensations so that stimuli such as touch on body of surface could be localized with a high degree of specificity; ex. you can feel a finger touching you on the back of your hand and where; This type of sensation reception has a different brain pathway from the other's. |
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Term
| Two-point discrimination test: |
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Definition
being able to distinguish whether there are one or two points depressed on the skin. Use the ____-____ _________ _____.
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Term
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Definition
| Two most sensitive areas that have the highest two-point discrimination ability. |
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Term
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Definition
| information known to be present by analysis or experimentation but is not consciously known; ex. sensations derived from interior of blood vessels, blood pressure, regulation of heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of stimulus for which a sensory receptor is particularly adapted to is an ____ ______. |
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Term
| Types of Adequate Stimuli Receptors |
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Definition
-Mechanical receptors: modalities such as touch, hearing, vestibular sense (head movement), joint movement or position, muscle movement and muscle positions
-Photic receptors: light and seeing; ex. visible radiant energy
-Thermal receptors: heat and cold; ex. increase or decrease in skin temperature
-Chemical receptors: smell and taste; ex. odor or smell
-Electrical receptors: change in response to electrical current
These are all t___ of _____ ______ ______s. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of a particular type of receptor always gives rise to that particular type of stimulation; the doctrine that the receptors and neural channels for the different senses are independent and operate in their own special ways, and can produce only one particular sensation each; ex. if you press on your eye you see light |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized adaptations of the beginning of nerve endings that demonstrate specific nerve energies |
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Term
| Types of Skin Receptors (four) |
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Definition
-Non-encapsulated nerve endings
-Terminations with thin capsules
-Terminations within thick capsule
-Nerve termination ends within a capsule that contains other tissue elements (non neuronal tissue elements, ex. skeletal muscle fibers)
Are all t____ of s_____ ______s |
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Term
| Non-encapsulated nerve endings: |
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Definition
| endings (beginnings of the system) that don’t have any other type of tissue surrounding the endings |
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Term
| Free-nerve ending (define): |
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Definition
| the ending itself is either unmylienated or thinly mylienated and there is no definable capsule that surrounds the nerve ending |
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Term
| Free-nerve ending (describe properties and uses): |
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Definition
o Slowly adapting, so when the stimulus is applied it takes a while for stimulation to occur
o Usually involved in the information relay about pain and temperature
o Can be receptive to stimulation in a broad area of skin
is a ___-_____ ____g |
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Term
Nerve Terminations with Thin Capsules
(name two), Thick Capsules (name one), and Non-Neuronal terminations (name two): |
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Definition
-Merkel Tactile Disk
-Meissner's Tactile Corpuscle
-Pacinian corpuscle
-Muscle spindle
-Ruffini corpuscle
Name what type of terminations catagory each cluster belongs to |
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Term
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Definition
sometimes they end in specializations that are involved in touch (sustained touch and pressure); Slow-adapting (Tonic); small receptive field
o Endings at the base of hair follicles that respond to bending of the hair
o Ending of the sensory neuron is encased in a capsule so that the nerve ending itself is additionally encased in a capsle
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Term
| Meissner’s tactile corpuscle (describe function, adaptations, and location): |
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Definition
skin receptor cell that detects light touch (such as changes in texture); fast-adapting (phasic); small receptive field
found in lips, fingers, tounge and palm of hands |
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Term
| Ruffini corpuscle (ending): |
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Definition
| type of cell involved in skin stretching; slow-adapting (tonic); large receptive field |
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Term
| Termination transfuction (define): |
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Definition
| (find definition of Termination transfuction) |
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Term
| Transduction (define and give example): |
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Definition
| the conversion of a stimulus from one form to another; ex: in the visual system, sensory cells called rod and cone cells convert the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain. |
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Term
| Phasic and Tonic Receptors (Define): |
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Definition
Phasic = fast adapting senses
Tonic = slow adapting senses
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal Afferent (arrive), Ventral Efferent (exit).
Pertains to spinal chord? |
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Term
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Definition
| where nerve fibers obliquely cross from one lateral part to the other, that is to say they cross at a level other than their origin. |
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Term
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Definition
is part of dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, carrying fine touch and proprioceptive (internal sensation of) information from the upper body to the thalamus and cerebellum via the medial lemniscus.
also receives direct input from the mechanoreceptors of the upper body as well as indirect input from them via the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception (internal sensation) of the lower body (legs and trunk). It also receives inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. |
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Term
Visible Light range is:
____-_____ light of heaven |
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Definition
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Term
| Six fun facts about the eye: |
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Definition
- Amount of light regulated by pupil size
- Smooth muscle of iris contracts and relaxes to change pupil size
- When you are interested in something you tend to let in more light
- Image comes in and is revered upside down on the back of the retina
- After transduction, the electrical activity that is generated is relayed to the rest of the nervous system by the optic nerve
- Where your optic nerve is you have a blind spot because there are no receptors (optic disc) |
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Term
| Retina(describe and list 3 layers from outter most to inner most): |
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Definition
part of the eye where visible light energy is converted to electrical activity.
Photoreceptors, Bipolar cells, Ganglion cells |
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Term
| Photoreceptors (describe and list two subcomponents): |
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Definition
the light-sensitive cells on the retina (outermost)
Consist of Rods and Cones |
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Term
| Rods (define, and describe six facts): |
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Definition
| elongated photoreceptors; more numerous, and 1000x more sensitive than the other type of photoreceptor, located more on peripheral, are more sensitive to dim light, as well as motion, and do not respond to red light. |
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Term
| Cones (define and describe four facts): |
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Definition
| photoreceptor cells which are perennial at the end (located on the retina); responsive to bright light, responsible for color vision, our ability to see fine detail, and is able to adjust to different levels of light quickly. |
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Term
| Bipolar cells (define and describe two subcomponents): |
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Definition
transmit the signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
Horizontal Cells, Amacrine Cells (outermost, innermost of _____ cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| between photoreceptors and bipolar cells; responsible for sharpening image |
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Term
| Amacrine cells: (Define and give four facts): |
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Definition
between bipolar cells and ganglion cells; responsible for sharpening image (retina).
Responsible for 70% of the imput to the retinal ganglion. Communicate laterally. Connects to a particular type of bipolar cell, and generally has a particular type of neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| give rise to the axons of the optic nerve |
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Term
| Fovea (define and describe 2 things and why): |
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Definition
| part of our eye that has the best resolution; high density of cones and the layers are thinned out, so light does not have to travel so far and through so many layers |
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Term
| Light causes a _____ of sodium channels; ___-polarization |
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Definition
| Light causes a closing of ______ channels; hyperpolarization |
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Term
| Fibers from the lateral retina _____ on the same side, those that derive from the medial retina ____ to the other side |
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Definition
| Fibers from the ____ retina stays on the same side, those that derive from the ____ retina crosses to the other side. |
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Term
| Pathway of visual information from retina to brain (list and describe 4 parts): |
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Definition
o Optic nerve: (cranial nerve II) ganglion cells up to the retina
o Optic chiasm: where the information from different eyes cross
o Optic tract: nerve fibers that have crossed over
o Primary visual cortex: in occipital lobe, first stop where vision is processed |
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Term
| Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN): |
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Definition
| where contact is made with second-order neurons of the visual system; part of the thalamus |
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Term
| Occipital lobe (composed of 3 parts): |
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Definition
o Cuneus gyrus (“upper lip”): receives ½ of the information from the LGN; aka lower half of the visual field
o Lingual gyrus (“lower lip”): receives ½ of the information from the LGN, aka upper half of the visual field
o Calcanne sulcus (calcarine fissure): location of the primary visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates pupil size; optic tract fibers make synaptic contact with neurons in the pretectal nucleus and neurons in the pretectal nucleus project to neurons in the edinger westphal nucleus on both sides, and from here nerve fibers go back out to the periphery and make synaptic contact to neurons close to the eyeball (ciliary ganglion) and from there they make synaptic contact to the smooth muscle of the iris; pathway derives from ganglion cells, responds to light, and make contact in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| if you shine light in just one eye, you will get an optic light reflex in both eyes. This is known as the _____ _____ ____. |
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Term
| 7 major parts of the ear: |
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Definition
o Pinna
o external ear canal
o eardrum
o Ossicles
o Basilar membrane
o Cilia
o tectorial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| catches sound waves and deflects them into the external ear canal (aka ear lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the ear that amplify and convey vibrations to the oval window (includes the hammar, anvil, and stirrup) |
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Term
| Bas(e)ilar membrane (describe something about how its sensors are arranged): |
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Definition
Detects movement in response to sound waves creates a shearing force that bends cilia in contact with and near the overlying tectorial membrane. This bending generates neural activity in the hair cells from which the cilia extend.
Sound goes from high frequency (Hz) at the base, to low frequency at the tip |
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Term
| Types of taste (list them): |
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Definition
o Sweet
o Salt
o Sour
o Bitter
o Umani (meaty)
Are all: |
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Term
| Cranial nerves __, __, and __ all relay taste information. |
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Definition
| Cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10 all relay ____ information |
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Term
| Taste receptors are found on ____ and back of the ______. |
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Definition
| _____ receptors are found on tounge and back of the esophogus. |
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Term
| Your sense of smell is highly tied to the _____ _____. |
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Definition
| Your sense of _____ is highly tied to the limbic system. |
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Term
| Three major experimental models of aggression (list and describe them): |
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Definition
o Isolation-induced aggression: studied mostly in mice, if you take them from weaning and away from a group situation in an isolated chamber, in adulthood two isolated-raised mice put together in one chamber will fight until separated
o Shock-elicited aggression: any pain stimulus that is delivered to two animals that are in close proximity (usually electrical shock for mice), and when this happens, the animal will become aggressive towards the other animal in the cage; usually only lasts as long as the stimulus is elicited
o Muricidal aggression: rat placed with a mouse and the rat kills the mouse
These are all ____ ________ ____ of agression. |
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Term
| Hormonal aggression (describe an experiment that tests this; which hormones are tied to aggression?): |
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Definition
experiment in which male mice were castrated and drastically became less violent; testosterone greatly correlated with aggression; female mice pre- and post-ovariectomy remained nonviolent
This tested _____ aggression. |
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Term
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome (describe regions affected and five symptoms): |
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Definition
in an experiment, amygdala and interior temporal cortex was removed in monkeys, which lead to:
(1) Docility
(2) Dietary changes (eat food used to not like) (3) Hypersexuality (even w/ nonliving objects)
(4) Hyperorality (places everything in mouth)
(5) visual agnosia of objects (inability to recognize objects or drawing) |
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Term
| Papez (person) tried to find the different structures that were interconnected involved in temporalectomies and in emotional behavior, involving the _____ ______. |
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Definition
| _____ (person) tried to find the different structures that were interconnected involved in temporalectomies and in emotional behavior, involving the limbic system. |
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Term
| Limbic System (define, list parts, and function): |
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Definition
Brain "system" that is involved in emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction.
Includes:
* Amygdala: Involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such as mating.
* Hippocampus: Required for the formation of long-term memories and implicated in maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation.
* Parahippocampal gyrus: Plays a role in the formation of spatial memory
* Cingulate gyrus: Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive and attentional processing
* Fornix: carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei.
* Hypothalamus: Regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release. Affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle
* Thalamus: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| David Garabedian (describe his disorder, reason for onset, symptoms and mechanisms): |
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Definition
In the hypothalamus, there is acetylcholine that coordinates aggression and attack. The insecticide positions the enzyme that normally clears away acetylcholine, so it inhibits the reuptake and it’s like getting extra acetylcholine. This results in overwhelming rage.
Induced by Carbaryl fumes
Who was this? |
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Term
| Sandy (describe her disorder, reason for onset, symptoms and mechanisms): |
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Definition
Progesterone in the hypothalamus controls and regulates memory and mood, and if these receptors are not present, there is more firing
each act of violence occurred roughly every 28 days just before menstruation
Who was this? |
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Term
| Roger (describe his disorder, reason for onset, symptoms and mechanisms): |
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Definition
-People with epilepsy can be completely normal before epileptic seizures
-Seizure in temporal lobe
-Hit by a ball
-Caused disorientation and violent behavior
Who was this? |
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Term
| Julie (describe herdisorder, reason for onset, symptoms, mechanisms, treatment and outcome): |
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Definition
-Had epileptic seizures, she carried a knife with her and saw her reflection in the mirror being distorted, another woman came in with her in the restroom and brushed against Julie, where Julie then stabbed her
-Had absence seizures which later turned into worse ones
-Injected chemical to “ink” sections of her brain to determine what parts of her brain fired during her seizures
-Instead of recording activity, also tried stimulating portions of her brain
-In the amygdala, two electrodes when stimulated produced violent behavior
o Unresponsive blinking eyes and facial grimacing (primitive rage response) and activity similar to a seizure, followed by launching and hitting the wall
o When this stimulation was repeated, the same behavior occurred and she threw her guitar and smashed it against the wall
o Lesion was done in the tissue around the electrodes and she stopped being as violent
Who was this person?
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Term
| Jay (describe his disorder, reason for onset, symptoms and mechanisms): |
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Definition
-When drunk and high went to wait for his wife and her boyfriend with a gun and shot his wife, but he doesn’t remember anything other than the act of shooting her
-Messages in the lights of the train “gave him instructions” as to what to do
-Was given lithium at a mental hospital |
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Term
| Movie on Addiction showed: (3 major things) |
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Definition
1. Drug dependence shares drive patterns of things such as hunger and thirst
2. A drug dependant organism does not disrupt other behaviors as much as withdrawal
3. Environmental variables are probably very important, probably just as important as physiological and pharmological conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of neurons within the striatum. It is thought to play an important role in reward, pleasure, laughter, addiction, aggression, fear, and the placebo effect. |
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Term
| Chronic use of morphine/alcohol does what? |
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Definition
| What types of drugs do this: suppresses channels, so the body overcompensates by making more calcium channels. Thus when withdrawing (not having the dampening drugs) the brain is massively overactivated (calcium channels needed to generate EPSP), thus you get pain feelings or brain seizures. |
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Term
| Describe the results of the monkey addiction experiments: (4 key things) |
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Definition
- If you didn’t allow the monkeys to have morphine for a day, when he gets the opportunity to do it again, he increases his rate of morphine drastically
- If it was scheduled so that 50 lever presses lead to a morphine injection, they pressed with a higher rate
- If intervals were changed, monkeys acted as if they were food deprived
- They had induced a drive state into these monkeys |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory cell with a thick capsule; detects (heavier) vibrations; fast-adapting (phasic); has a large receptive field |
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