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| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recive and represent stimulus energies from our enviroment |
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| The process of organizing and intrepreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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| Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's intergation of sensory information |
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| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations |
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| The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. |
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| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
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| Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. |
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| The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. we experience the difference thershold as a just noticible diffrence (JND) |
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The principles that, to be percived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage. (rather than a constant amount) |
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Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| The distance from the peak of one light or sound wake to the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short bilps of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmissions. |
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| The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth |
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| The amound of energy in a light or sound wave, which we percive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
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the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. |
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| The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. |
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| Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripherial and twilight vision, whne cones don't respond |
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Receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensation |
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| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. |
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| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
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| the processing of several aspects of a problem simutaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of consious problem solving. |
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| Young-helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory |
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The theory that the retina contains thress different color receptors-- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue--which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. |
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| the theroy that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green |
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| Perceiving familiar objects as having consiten color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. |
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| the tendaency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us. |
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| the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per-second). |
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| A tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency |
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| The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochela's oval window. |
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| the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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| a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. |
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The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. |
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The principles that one sense may influence another, as when the smell or food influences its taste. |
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The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
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| The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. |
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An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendancy to intergrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
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The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups. |
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The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
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| a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. |
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Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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distance cues, such as linerar perceptive and overlap, available the either eye alone. |
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| a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance--the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object. |
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| a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. |
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| in vision, the ability to adjust to an articially displaced or even inverted visual field. |
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| a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another |
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| a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines and physical eviroments can be adapted to human behaviors. |
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| our awarness of ourselves and our enviroment. |
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| the focusiong of couscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect. |
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| The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. |
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rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as pardoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body sytems are active. |
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The relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state. |
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| periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciouness-- as distinct from unsciouness resulting form a coma, general anesthesia , or hibernation. |
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False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absesnce oof an external visual stimulus. |
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| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |
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The larger, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. |
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| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |
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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontollable sleep attacks. The suffere may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |
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| a skeep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. |
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A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an apperance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occuring during stage 4 sleep, and are seldom remembered. |
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| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing throught a skeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for thier halluciontory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of content and later difficulties remebering it. |
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According to freud, the remeberd story line of a dream (a distinct form its latent content) |
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| according to Freud, the underlying , meaning of a dream (as distinict from its manifest content). Freaud believed that a dreams latent content functions as a safety valvel. |
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| the tendency for REM sleep following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep.) |
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| a social interation in which one person (the hynotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. |
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| supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypotist's suggestion. |
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| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clincians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. |
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A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
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| Hilgard's term descibing a hynotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis. |
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| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. |
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| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and largers doses before experiencing the drug's effect. |
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| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |
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| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unplesasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. |
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| Drugs (such as alchol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduced neural activity and slow body functions. |
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| drugts that depress the activity of the CNS reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgement. |
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| opium and its derivtives, suc as morphine and herione; they depress neural activity, temporarily leasing pain and anixety. |
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| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and concaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body. |
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| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. |
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| a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucigen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer-term hart to seritonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |
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| psychedelic durgs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke senory images in the ansence of sensory input. |
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| A powerful hallucinogeincic drug also know as acid |
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| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush wieth death (such as thought cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. |
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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |
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| learning that certain events occur together. (two stimuli in classical conditioning.) |
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| a typed of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also class Pavlovian conditioning |
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| a relatively permanent change in a organism's behavior due to experience. |
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The view that psychology 1)should be an obective science that 2)studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologist today agree with 1)but not with 2) |
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in classical conditoning, the unlearned, nauturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when fodd is in the mouth. |
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| in the classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically triggers a response. |
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| in classical condtioning, the learned response to a previously d |
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