Term
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Definition
| motivation isa need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal |
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Term
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Definition
instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns and are not learned
i.e: humans don't have instinct because they can build many types of houses where as birds only make one type of nest) |
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Term
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Definition
drive reduction theory is a psychological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
need ->drive-> drive-reducing behavior
(water)(thirst) (drinking) |
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Term
| what's the goal of drive reduction theory? |
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Definition
| the goal of drive reduction theory is homeostasis/a balanced state of low need |
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Term
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Definition
| incentive is something that enhances a need(good smells) or reduces a need (bad smells) |
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Term
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Definition
often humans seek to increase arousal to some optimum level.
i.e.: we don't always try to eliminate arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| abraham maslow said certain needs have priority over others, this is called hierarchy of motives |
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Term
| what makes us aware of our hunger? |
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Definition
| stomach contractions send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger |
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Term
| who swallowed a balloon to explain hunger |
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Definition
| wahburn swallowed a balloon to explain hunger |
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Term
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Definition
| set point theory is how human bodies are programed to maintain our weight |
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Term
| what acts as a weight thermostat? |
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Definition
| the hypothalamus acts as a weight thermostat |
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Term
| does heredity influence set point? |
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Definition
| yes heredity influences set point |
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Term
| if weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a readily avaliable ideal form of stored energy |
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Definition
| fat is a readily available and ideal form of stored energy |
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Term
| are you born with a certain number of fat cells? |
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Definition
| yes you are born with a certain number of fat cells |
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Term
| loss of weight decreases size of fat cells but not number |
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Definition
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Term
| how many fat cells does the body have |
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Definition
| the body has 30-40 million fat cells which can increase 2-3 times their normal size |
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Term
| how many americans say they would like to loose weight? |
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Definition
| 2/3 of women and 1/2 of men say that they would like to loose weight |
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Term
| how many calorie reductions = one pound |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when you restrict food |
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Definition
when you restrict food:
1.body metabolism slows
2.body tries to save energy in fatty cells
3.more sensitive tto external cues
4.less activities |
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Term
| what happens when you return to normal eating after dieting? |
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Definition
| body shifts more nutrients into fatty cells when you return to normal eating after dieting |
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Term
| what do personality psychologists study |
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Definition
| personality psychologists focus on how one individual differs from another |
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Term
| what to social psychologists focus on? |
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Definition
social psychologists focus on individuals in social situations
i.e.: likely to use experimental methods in research |
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Term
| what do sociologists focus on? |
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Definition
sociologists focus on groups and their actions
i.e.: likely to use naturalistic observations |
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Term
| what was fritz heider's attribution theory? |
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Definition
| fritz heider suggested that people naturally try to understand the behavior of others by looking for explanations as to what caused it |
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Term
| what is the fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others |
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Term
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Definition
| an attitude represents the belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events. |
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Term
| what are the core concepts in psychology |
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Definition
the core concepts in psychology are:
how formed?
how changed? |
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Term
| how do we know that actions can affect attitudes |
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Definition
we know actions affect attitudes becuase:
1. get people to agree to something to small--they're more likely to agree to something big
i.e.: freedman and fraser study--foot in the door |
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Term
| who did the prison study? |
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Definition
| zimbardo did the prison study |
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Term
| what happens when attitudes and actions are opposed |
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Definition
| we experience tension--this is called cognitive dissonance (festinger): to relieve ourselves of this tension we bring out attitudes closer to our actions |
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Term
| what was asch's classic study |
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Definition
| asch's class study was about how many people were willing to accept others opinion about reality |
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Term
| what are reasons for conformity? |
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Definition
the reasons for conformity are
normative social influence--a person desires to gain approval and avoid rejection
informational social influence--the group may provide valuable information |
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Term
| normative social influence |
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Definition
| normative social influence is when a person desires to gain approval or avoid rejection |
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Term
| informational social influence |
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Definition
| informational social influence is when the group may provide valuable information |
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Term
| what conditions strengthen conformity |
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Definition
the conditions that strengthen conformity are
1.one feels incompetent of insecure'
2.the group has at least three people
3.the group is unanimous
4.one has not previously commited to a particular response |
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Term
| who did the obedience classic study? |
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Definition
| stanley milgram did the obedience classic study |
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Term
| what is the obedience classic study |
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Definition
| the obedience classic study is when stanley milgram designed a study that investigated conformity and obedience |
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