Term
| Three Generations of Psych Epi |
|
Definition
Generation 1 = Facility Record / Specific Diagnoses
Generation 2 = Early Surveys
Generate 3 = Diagnostic Surveys |
|
|
Term
| Important Generation 1 Studies |
|
Definition
Jarvis Commission (lunacy and paupers in MA)
Eastern Baltimore (Lemkau)
Chicago (Faris and Dunham)
New Haven (Hollingshead & Redlich) |
|
|
Term
| Important Generation 2 Studies |
|
Definition
Midtown Manhattan (Srole)
Stirling County (Leighton) |
|
|
Term
| Important Generation 3 Studies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms and Complaints? |
|
Definition
| What individuals say about their disease |
|
|
Term
| What are signs and behaviors? |
|
Definition
| What we observe about their disease? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the co-ocurrence of signs and symptoms or complaints and behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The consistency of a measurement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measuring what is supposed to be measured |
|
|
Term
| What are the three type of prevalences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is point prevalence? |
|
Definition
| The proportion who have a disorder at a specific point in time |
|
|
Term
| What is period prevalence? |
|
Definition
| The proportion would have a disorder during a defined period (3, 6, 12 months) |
|
|
Term
| What is lifetime prevalence? |
|
Definition
| The proportion would have or who have ever had a disorder |
|
|
Term
| What are the four perspectives? |
|
Definition
Disease
Dimensional
Behavior
Life-Story |
|
|
Term
| Three parts to the disease perspective? |
|
Definition
| Clinical Entity --> Pathological Condition --> Etiology |
|
|
Term
| Three parts of dimensional perspective |
|
Definition
| Potential --> Provocation --> Response |
|
|
Term
Three parts of behavioral perspective
Driven Behaviors |
|
Definition
| Physiological Drive --> Choice --> Conditioned Learning (works in a circle) |
|
|
Term
Three parts of behavioral perspective
Socially Learned Behaviors |
|
Definition
| Antecedents --> Responses --> Consequences |
|
|
Term
| Three parts of the life course perspective |
|
Definition
| Setting --> Sequence --> Outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which cases form, during a specified period, among individuals who did not have the disorder at baseline |
|
|
Term
| What is first lifetime incidence? |
|
Definition
| The rate at which cases form during a specified period among individuals who never had the disorder at baseline |
|
|
Term
| Describe the onset and the presentation of a disorder... |
|
Definition
| A disease does not progress linearly over time, they vary and expand over the life course (remember the stingray!) |
|
|
Term
| Precursors, complaints and behaviors measure disorder (imperfectly or certainly) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prodromal, sign or symptom measure disorder (imperfectly or certainly) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one common measurement problem in surveying? |
|
Definition
| Insight (e.g. dementia, autism, bipolar, schizophrenia) |
|
|
Term
| Rates, proportions (SURVEY METHOD) |
|
Definition
Numerator (ever ill)
Denominator (alive at survey) |
|
|
Term
| Rates, proportions (REGISTER method) |
|
Definition
Numerator = # of admissions
Denominator = Census count |
|
|
Term
| Interviewers for Structured Diagnostic Interviews tend to be... |
|
Definition
1) Middle-aged
2) Female
3) Less than college educated
4) Articulate
5) Greater than 50% attrition |
|
|
Term
| Structured survey (DIS) vs. Clinical Exam (SCAN) agreement issues? |
|
Definition
Yes, for depression kappa at 0.32, high specificity, low sensitivity
Yes, panic disorder kappa = 0.40, sensitivity = 28%, specificity = 99% |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 main symptoms for PTSD? |
|
Definition
1) Exposure to a traumatic event
2) Re-experiencing the traumatic event
3) Avoidance of related stimuli or numbing
4) Hyperarousal
5) Significant distress or impariment
6) Symptoms lasting at least a month |
|
|
Term
| What are the three clusters of symptoms for PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, hyperarousal |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of PTSD lifetime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is PTSD more common in men or women? |
|
Definition
| Women - 9.7%, Men - 3.6% (Kessler, 2005) |
|
|
Term
| What are some neurological consequences of PTSD? |
|
Definition
1) Dysregulation of HPA and neurotransmitters
2) Disturbances in perception, learning, memory
3) Exaggerated release of cortisol in response to stressor (Nemeroff, 2006) |
|
|
Term
| What is the age peak for trauma exposure? |
|
Definition
| 16-20 (Breslau et al., 2004) |
|
|
Term
| What type of trauma is most common for PTSD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of PTSD cases remit within 6 months? |
|
Definition
| 50% (Breslau et al., 1998) |
|
|
Term
| How are martial status and immigrants at risk for PTSD? |
|
Definition
| Immigrants/refugees higher rate, no longer married (Marshall, 2005) |
|
|
Term
| How do comorbidities affect PTSD? |
|
Definition
| They all have the potential to increase the prevalence (substance abuse, MDD, GAD) |
|
|
Term
| Panic Disorder is defined how in the DSM-IV? |
|
Definition
1) Recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks
2) One month or more of the following?
a) Concern about additional attacks
b) Worry about consequences
c) Change in behavior related to attacks |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of Panic Attacks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are panic attacks more common in women or men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is GAD more common in women or men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major symptoms of GAD? |
|
Definition
1) Excessive anxiety and worry, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months
2) The person finds it difficult to control the worry
3) The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 or more of the following:
- Restlessness
- Being easily fatigued
- Difficulty concentrating
- Irritability
- Muscle tension
- Sleep disturbance |
|
|
Term
| What are the three symptoms of agoraphobia? |
|
Definition
1) Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
2) The situations are avoided or are endured with marked distress
3) The anxiety or phobic avoidance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder |
|
|
Term
| What are the five symptoms of Social Phobia? |
|
Definition
1) A fear of social or performance situations
2) Exposure invariably provokes anxiety
3) The fear is recognized as unreasonable
4) The feared situation are avoided
5) The avoidance, anxious anticipation, or distress interferes with the person's normal routine |
|
|
Term
| What are the four major risk factors for all anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
1) Being female
2) Low SES
3) Marriage is protective
4) Depression is risk and consequence |
|
|
Term
| What are the nine symptoms of depression and how many do you need for DSM? |
|
Definition
| 1) Depressed mood 2) Loss of all interest and pleasure 3) Appetite and weight disturbance 4) Sleep disturbance 5) Agitation or slowing 6) Fatigue 7) Abnormal, inappropriate guilt 8) Poor concentration 9) Thoughts of death or suicide
For two weeks,
Remember it this way:
Seriously, (Suicide)
Sam (Sleep)
Can (Concentration)
Get (Guilt)
All (Agitation)
Frisky (Food - weight/appetite)
For (Fatigue)
A (Anhedonia)
Decade (Depressed Mood) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is depression more common in men or women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does depression fall in the DALY according to the WHO? |
|
Definition
| 3rd leading cause of DALY (2003) |
|
|
Term
| How do incidence rates differ between men and women in regards to depression? |
|
Definition
| Higher in women than men (occurs 5 years earlier) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prodromal period? |
|
Definition
| Time from the onset of the problem until the onset of the disorder |
|
|
Term
| What depression symptoms have long prodomal periods? |
|
Definition
1) Dysphoria
2) Suicidal ideation |
|
|
Term
| What is depression a strong predictor of according to the ECA? |
|
Definition
1) MI/CHD
2) Stroke
3) Dementia
4) Osteoporsis
5) Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Why do women have a higher prevalence of depression? |
|
Definition
| Because they have a higher incidence, and P = I*D. NOTE: Chronicity does not differ by gender! |
|
|
Term
| How does stress interact with neuroticism? |
|
Definition
| It increases the risk of depression, more in women than men (Kendler, 2004) |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between social support and depression? |
|
Definition
Lower social support leads to more depression, more risky in women than men (Kendler, 2005)
This was a Twin Study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measurable characteristic or trait, that is determined by the genotype |
|
|
Term
| What is an endophenotype? |
|
Definition
| Related clinical characteristics that are the marker of an underlying susceptibility to the disorder; more reliably and validly measured; genetically less complex |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of studies for genetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale behind a family study? |
|
Definition
| Trait resemblances should increase with increasing genetic relatedness and should aggregate in families |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale behind adoption studies? |
|
Definition
Adoption creates genetically related individuals who do not share environment - similarities thus are genetic contribution
Adoption creates individuals who are not genetically related but who share environments - similarities thus are environmental contribution |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale behind a twin study? |
|
Definition
| Given equal environments, any difference in trait must be due to genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A measure of how genetic factors contribute to a trait; proportion of phenotypic variance that can be accounted for by genetic differences (h2 = Vg/Vp) |
|
|
Term
| What type of genetic studies are used to determine transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of genetic transmissions are there? |
|
Definition
Mendelian
- Dominant (Huntington's)
- Recessive (PKU)
- X-linked recessive (hemophilia)
Polygenic |
|
|
Term
| What is segregation analysis? |
|
Definition
| Different models of transmission of trait are studied across generations to determine which is most consistent with observed data |
|
|
Term
| What are limitations of segregation analysis? |
|
Definition
| It assumes random mating, is susceptible to ascertainment bias |
|
|
Term
| What two studies are used to identify candidate genes? |
|
Definition
1) Linkage studies
2) Association studies |
|
|
Term
| Linkage studies are based on what type of models? |
|
Definition
| Allele sharing, in individual families |
|
|
Term
| Association studies are based off of what type of studies? |
|
Definition
| Family based or population basd, looking at marker alleles with a trait across individuals |
|
|
Term
| What is linkage disequilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Linkage disequilibrium is the condition in which the haplotype frequencies in a population deviate from the values they would have if the genes at each locus were combined at random. |
|
|
Term
| What is phenotypic uncertainty, that is how is it a problem with genetic studies? |
|
Definition
| There are no gold standards for defining valid psychiatric diagnoses |
|
|
Term
| What is oligogenic inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Multiple genes may be involved in producing the phenotype
(think oh, lovely i's (eyes)!)
... as eye color is an example |
|
|
Term
| What is incomplete penetrance? |
|
Definition
| A disease susceptibility allele at one particular gene may not always produce the phenotype |
|
|
Term
| What is genetic heterogeneity? |
|
Definition
| Different genes independently produce the same phenotype |
|
|
Term
| What is allelic heterogeneity? |
|
Definition
| Different alleles of the same gene may produce the same phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes interact with each other to produce a phenotype |
|
|
Term
| What are the three symptom categories for autism? |
|
Definition
1) Social Interaction (2+ needed)
2) Communication (1+ needed)
3) Stereotyped behaviors (1+ needed) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 categories of pervasive developmental disorders? |
|
Definition
1) Autistic Disorder
2) Asperger's Syndrome
3) PDD-NOS
4) Rett's Syndrome
5) Childhood Disintegrative Disorder |
|
|
Term
| What two measurements are used to determine a PDD dx? |
|
Definition
| ADI-R (interview) and the ADOS (observation interview) |
|
|
Term
| What were some important studies that measured childhood disorder prevalences? |
|
Definition
1) MECA (Shaffer - 1996)
2) Great Smokey Mountain Study (Costello - 1996) |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria of ADHD? |
|
Definition
1) Inattention
2) Hyperactivity-impulsivity
3) Onset before age 7, in two settings |
|
|
Term
| What are the associated (outcomes) of childhood ADHD? |
|
Definition
1) Low academic performance
2) Negative peer and teacher relations
3) Negative family relations
4) Injuries/Accidents |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of ADHD, which subtypes are more common? |
|
Definition
| 3-7%, Inattentive>Combined>Hyperactive |
|
|
Term
| What is the gender difference is ADHD? |
|
Definition
Boys 2-9X higher than girls
(Gaub, 1997) |
|
|
Term
| What are some theories for ADHD? |
|
Definition
1) Motivational deficits
2) Short-term memory deficits
3) Deficits in self-regulation and inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What are some biological reasons for ADHD? |
|
Definition
1) Frontal lobe damage
2) Dopamine/Norephinephrine deficiency
3) Genetics (family historysies) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of childhood and adolescent MDDs? |
|
Definition
Children = 0.4-2.5%
Adolescent = 0.4-8.8% |
|
|
Term
| What disorders are comorbid with MDD in children? |
|
Definition
| anxiety, substance abuse, disruptive behavior |
|
|
Term
| What are some notable causes of MDD in children? |
|
Definition
1) Norepinephrine and serotonin depletion
2) Dysregulation of neuroendocrine system |
|
|
Term
| What are three thinking style deficits that could result in childhood MDDs? |
|
Definition
1) Learned helplessness
2) Hopelessness theory
3) Self control model |
|
|
Term
| Dementia is a syndrome of memory loss plus at least of one? |
|
Definition
1) Agnosia
2) Apraxia
3) Aphasia
4) Disturbance in EF |
|
|
Term
| What are the full diagnostic criteria of dementia? |
|
Definition
1) Memory loss plus either i) agnosia, ii) apraxia, iii) aphasia, iv) disturbance in EF
2) Impairment in occupational/social functioning, decline in functioning
3) Definitive dx made at death with beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of dementia? |
|
Definition
1) Cortical
2) Subcortical |
|
|
Term
| What is more common cortical or subcortical dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alzheimer's represents what type of dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parkinson's dementia is what type of dementia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key difference between cortical and subcortical dementia |
|
Definition
| The regions of the brain, subcortical is more internal in brain and has an earlier onset |
|
|
Term
| What is the symptomatic course of dementia? |
|
Definition
1) Gradual onset with continual cognitive decline
2) Personality changes: irritability and depression
3) Cortical atrophy
4) MMSE deterioration over 5 years |
|
|
Term
| Where does the mild cognitive impairment fit into the dementia picture? |
|
Definition
| It fits inbetween normal functioning and dementia |
|
|
Term
| What are the five nosological categories of MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment) |
|
Definition
1) Age associated memory impairment
2) MCIa
3) Age associated cognitive decline
4) Cognitive Impairment not dementia
5) Dementia |
|
|
Term
| What is the expected prevalence of AD? |
|
Definition
| 6.5% of 65+ (Jorm - 1987) |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for AD? |
|
Definition
1) Age
2) Gender - women maybe worse
3) CVD
4) Genetics E4/E4 |
|
|
Term
| How much of an increase is there for having the E4/E4 genotype for AD? |
|
Definition
15X vs. E3/E3
3X with 1 E4 |
|
|
Term
| What are protective factors for AD? |
|
Definition
1) Diet
2) Physical Activity
3) Higher Education
4) Higher Occupational attainment
5) Social engagement in late-life
6) Larger cognitive reserve |
|
|
Term
| What are the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1) Delusions
2) Hallucinations
3) Disorganized speech
4) Disorganized behavior
5) Negative symptoms
6) Poor functioning
Last 6 months or longer |
|
|
Term
| What are the DSM-IV criteria for bipolar mania? |
|
Definition
1) Episode of elevated mood (lasting at least one week)
2) Three or more
- Grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep
- Talkative
- Flight of ideas
- Distractible
- Increase in goal-directed acts
- Spending sprees, promiscuity |
|
|
Term
Big finding of the US-UK study was?
Researcher/Year was? |
|
Definition
| That diagnostic differences were mostly due to failure of Americans to exclude affective disorders and instead say everyone was schizophrenic (Kendell - 1971) |
|
|
Term
| What did the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia tell us? When and who directed it? |
|
Definition
| WHO, 1979 - showed that schizohprenia profile types were universal across cultures and was distinct from affective disorders |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
Prevalence = 5 in 1000
Incidence = 0.2 per 1000/year |
|
|
Term
| What is the key gender difference in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Women have 5 year lag in onset, but catch up later in life |
|
|
Term
| How and when does the prodomal period begin in schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Starts on average around 24, and lasts for roughly 6 years |
|
|
Term
| What is prevalence or chronicity bias? |
|
Definition
| Clinicians see people who are chronic who keep coming back |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Bipolar Disorder? |
|
Definition
| Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Bipolar NOS |
|
|
Term
| What is the mean onset for bipolar disorder, how does it differ by gender? |
|
Definition
| Overall = 33, Men = 30, Women = 35 |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1) Genes 2) Season of birth 3) Obstetric complications 4) Ethnic status 5) Drug use 6) Infections
I nfections
R ace
G enes
O bstetric complications
D rug Use
S easonality |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does random error affect prevalence and incidence estimates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are odds ratios and correlation coefficient affected by random errors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who uncovers more psychopathology, lay-interviewers or psychiatrists? |
|
Definition
Psychiatrists usually uncover more psychopathology than lay interviewers using
structured interviews |
|
|
Term
| Measurement error over a continuum leads to what type of estimates? Give examples of disorders |
|
Definition
Measures of association are probably conservative
Examples = depression, anxiety, and alcohol disorders |
|
|
Term
| Measurement error NOT over a continuum leads to what type of estimates? Give examples of disorders |
|
Definition
Dramatic errors in conclusions.
Examples = psychoses |
|
|
Term
| What are some biological causes/consequences of PTSD? |
|
Definition
- Neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine)
- Central & autonomic nervous system (HPA axis, amygdala) |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of MDD individuals only have one lifetime episode? unremitting? relapse/remit? |
|
Definition
50% - one episode
15% - unremitting
35% - relapse/remitting |
|
|
Term
| What are some issues of reliability within child psy epi? |
|
Definition
1) Age of onset
2) Between informants
3) Within informants over time
4) Variation in reliability by disorder
5) Children versus parents
6) Characteristics of the Questions |
|
|
Term
| What seasonal affects have been noted for schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| The proportion of people with schizophrenia born during the winter months is about 5-15% higher than at other times of the year (Torrey, 1993) |
|
|
Term
| Brain differences seen in schizophrenics? |
|
Definition
| Larger lateral ventricles, smaller hippocampus Steen et al. (2006). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the course of bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| Mostly stable, not progressive, infrequent psychotic episodes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the course of schizophrenia? What major problems does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Extended prodrome and insidious onset. Both the failure to be upwardly mobile and downward mobility are believed to occur because the onset of schizophrenia is insidious and begins during adolescence, when social and occupational skills are learned. |
|
|
Term
| What is the five factor model of personality? |
|
Definition
(O)penness to experience
(C)onscientiousness
(A)greeableness
(E)xtraversion
(N)euroticism
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One’s tendency to experience negative emotions and cope poorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One’s quantity and intensity of interpersonal interactions
and positive emotions |
|
|
Term
| What is Openness to Experience? |
|
Definition
| One’s appreciation of experience for its own sake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One’s orientation toward others (altruistic versus antagonistic) |
|
|
Term
| What is Conscientiousness? |
|
Definition
| One’s organization, motivation, and persistence in achieving goals |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of personality disorders? |
|
Definition
| 10% - Hopkins Epidemiology of Personality Disorder Study |
|
|
Term
| What is the most prevalent personality disorder? |
|
Definition
| Antisocial personality disorder (by far!) |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for Cluster A personality disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for cluster B personality disorders? |
|
Definition
| Males; younger age; lower education |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for cluster C personality disorders? |
|
Definition
| Never married; higher education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DSM-III (1980)
DSM-III-R (1987)
DSM-IV (1994)
DSM-IV-TR (2000) |
|
|
Term
| Three reasons for an increase in ASD rates? |
|
Definition
1) Changes in diagnostic criteria moving from the DSM-III to the DSM-IV
2) Changes in the interpretation of diagnostic criteria
3) Change in the manner that formal diagnostic criteria are applied |
|
|
Term
| Gender differences in Autism? |
|
Definition
| Approximately 4 Males to 1 Female (Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network ((ADDMN), 2002) |
|
|
Term
| Birth seasonality affect for Autism? |
|
Definition
| Yes, for both twins and single births, with varying trimodal peaks (Lee and colleagues, 2008) |
|
|
Term
| Specific neurotransmitter involved in increased Autism rates? |
|
Definition
| It appears that HLA-DR4 may play a role, and has increased odds relative from the general population (Lee and colleagues, 2006) |
|
|
Term
| Racial differences in Autism? |
|
Definition
| No, BUT there appears to a later age of first diagnosis in African American (7.9) children when compared to Whites (6.3), could be an access to services issue (Mandell and colleagues, 2002). |
|
|
Term
| What is the key difference between Autistic Disorder and Aspergers Syndrome? |
|
Definition
For children with Aspergers syndrome
1) There is no clinically significant general delay in language (e.g., single words used by age 2 years, communicative phrases used by age 3 years)
2) There is no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self-help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction), and curiosity about the environment in childhood. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Stirling County study focus on? |
|
Definition
| (Leighton, 1963) Better mental health is associated with higher social class |
|
|
Term
| What are three reasons for attrition? |
|
Definition
1) Individual mobility outside the study area or to an unknown residence
2) Death
3) Refusal to participate after some threshold of response burden is reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate of death in the population |
|
|
Term
| Two ways of thinking about development toward disease? |
|
Definition
1) An increase in severity or intensity of symptoms
2) An occurrence of new groups of symptoms where none existed |
|
|
Term
| What are key differences between scales and schedules? |
|
Definition
| Psychiatric scales are simpler than schedules, and historically they emerged earlier. Diagnostic schedules are more comprehensive and complex in psychiatric coverage than scales. Scales typically have a cut-off scores for diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| What is procedural validity? |
|
Definition
| Pertains to criterion validity - comparing the results of a lay-administered schedule with the results of a clinician-administered schedule |
|
|
Term
| Can you receive a diagnosis of alcohol abuse after being diagnosed with alcohol dependence? |
|
Definition
| Nope! In addition, dependence and abuse are now defined hierarchically, so that one cannot receive a diagnosis of abuse after meeting criteria for dependence. |
|
|
Term
What study showed alcoholism runs in families genetically?
What study showed alcoholism could be an etiological problem? |
|
Definition
7X risk in first degree relatives (Merikangas, 1990)
Mirroring of behaviors (Kelley and Fals-Stewart, 2004) |
|
|
Term
| What is ascertaintment bias? |
|
Definition
| Type of selection bias where patients gathered do not represent the cases originated in the population |
|
|
Term
| What is an absorbent state? |
|
Definition
| Once exposed, always exposed (no need for more assessments) |
|
|
Term
| What are limitations of matching? |
|
Definition
| Effect of match var on outcome cannot be assessed, costly, can overmatch, can match on exposure or surrogate |
|
|
Term
| According to the Prentice criteria, what is a surrogate? |
|
Definition
| 1. Must be correlated to outcome, 2. Must be a full mediator, 3. Must fully capture the effect of tx on an outcome |
|
|
Term
| What is a contamination bias? |
|
Definition
| When intervention-type activities find their way to the control group |
|
|
Term
| What is the Hawthorne effect? |
|
Definition
| Increase in the outcome under study in participants who are aware of being observed |
|
|
Term
| What are concerns when using prevalent cases? |
|
Definition
| 1. Survivor cases, 2. Change of exposure due to disease, 3. Reverse causation |
|
|
Term
| 3 reasons for apportioning person-time |
|
Definition
| 1. Risk varies with age, 2. Risk varies over time (secular trend), 3. Risk for disease may vary over expo levels |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 threats to causal inference |
|
Definition
| 1. Lack of precision, 2. Lack of internal validity, 3. Incorrect asses. of direction of causality, 4. Lack external validity |
|
|
Term
| What is diagnostic bias? Also overlaps strongly with surveillance bias |
|
Definition
| Awareness of a possible association between exposure and outcome, where exposed individuals are followed more closely and detection of cases is thus increased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also called selective survival bias, type of selection bias where the exposure is determinant of or related to prognosis factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the ecological fallacy? |
|
Definition
| error of interpretation of statistical data; inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of selection bias in hospital based C-C studies. Combination of exposure and disease increases risk of admission to hospital |
|
|
Term
| What are the causal response types? |
|
Definition
1. No effect. Doomed
2. Exp Causal
3. No effect. immune
4. Exp Protective
DCIP - Don't Crap In Public |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to correctly estimate a disease state or risk of future event |
|
|
Term
| What are the components fo the tripartite model for the nature of anxiety? |
|
Definition
Cognition (of fear)
Behavior (avoidance)
Physiology (symptoms) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of 3rd gen studies |
|
Definition
Diagnostic studies
Structured interviews |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of 1st gen studies |
|
Definition
Facility surveys
Specific diagnosis
Based on medical records |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of 2nd gen studies |
|
Definition
Household surveys
overall caseness rating |
|
|
Term
| Brown study examined the relationship between what and what? |
|
Definition
| The relationship between severe life events and the onset of depression (Brown, 1975) NOTE: WOMEN ONLY! |
|
|
Term
| Minority and disadvantaged children have later age of diagnoses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More severity leads to a latter diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Hertz-Picciotto & Delwiche, 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Intensive behavioral interventions costs 40 - 60 K a year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-medical, educational costs 13K a year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents report frustrations with the initial assessment, including delays in getting final diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents struggle to receive the referrals they need, including family support services and mental health services |
|
Definition
Kogan, 2008
Brookman-Frazee et al., 2012 |
|
|
Term
| Parents with children with more complicated presentations of ASDs have reported higher levels of dissatisfaction with school and IEPs |
|
Definition
| Zablotsky, Boswell, and Smith, 2012 |
|
|
Term
| Parents report frustrations with clinicians lacking knowledge of ASDs |
|
Definition
| Rhoades and colleagues, 2007 |
|
|
Term
| Half of parents of children with ASDs would transfer their child to another school to receive better services |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An individual with an ASD costs 3.2 million in a lifetime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents must give up on career goals and stop working or cut hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families with ASDs report lower levels of coherence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families of ASD children report lower marital satisfaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families with an ASD, report strained relationships between parent and child |
|
Definition
| Doussard-Roosevelt et al., 2003 |
|
|
Term
| Parents have high stress levels compared to mothers with children with other disabilities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An improvement in a parent's mental state can reduce the child's risk for physical and mental health problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An improvement of a parent's mental state can increase service utilization for the child and parent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Improvements in a mother's mental health can lead to more effective parenting strategies |
|
Definition
| Webster-Stratton & Hammond, 1988 |
|
|
Term
| A child's level of social skills deficit dictates their treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A child's level of social skills deficit dictates their classroom placement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADHD and internalizing disorders are the most common among children with ASDs |
|
Definition
| Hofvander et al., 2009; Leyfer et al., 2006 |
|
|
Term
| Parents of ASDs have to deal with unique and overlapping behavioral challenges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the amount of ASD symptoms increase, greater the parental stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with behavioral problems have higher stress levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of Asperger's have the highest levels of parental stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High stress levels lead to an increased risk for parental depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a genetic link between ASDs and mood disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with developmental disorders had impairments in health and social relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of ASD children had a lower standard of living, poorer mental and physical health, and lower quality close relationships |
|
Definition
Allik et al., 2006
Lee et al., 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Hispanics have [depressed] parents who are less likely to have health care access, and/or higher levels of social support. |
|
Definition
| Fiscella et al., 2002; Vega et al., 1991 |
|
|
Term
| Mothers of older children were less likely to be depressed, how come? |
|
Definition
Depression more likely in newer mothers
(Munk-Olsen et al., 2006) |
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with autism report lower levels of social support, as well as lower quality friendships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents report feelings of isolation, having to put aside personal relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents put aside career, and cut hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A self-report clinician diagnosis is considered generally valid |
|
Definition
| Sanchez-Villegas et al., 2008 |
|
|
Term
| Populations recruiting for clinical hospitals studies can resemble those online |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk for maternal depression at peak in first few years of child's life |
|
Definition
Dave et al., 2010
Ozonoff et al., 2010 |
|
|
Term
| Mental health problems for children decreases with parent mental health problems |
|
Definition
| Gunlicks & Weissman, 2008 |
|
|
Term
| Pediatricians indicate they do not have the time necessary to effectively screen for child or maternal depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pediatricians indicate they do not believe they are responsible for providing treatment for parents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pediatricians have difficulties in recognizing mothers with depressive symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies with few measures have shown considerable success in screening for depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coping supports have the potential to reduce a parent's risk for developing depression and other forms of psychopathology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families with children with ASDs often have strained siblings and parental relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unaffected siblings of children with ASDs report lower quality relationships with affected siblings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families with ASD children report lower levels of coherence, cohesion and adaptability |
|
Definition
Higgins et al., 2005
Pisula & Kossakowska, 2010 |
|
|
Term
| Utilizing appropriate coping supports has shown the potential to help mothers of children manage their stress and reduce depressive syptomatology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreasing stress levels of parents can improve well-being of the child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of with higher levels of support have been found to have the lowest levels of stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neighborhood supports have been identified as having a substantial influence on an individual's physical and mental health well-being and level of connectedness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical practitioners can be considered social supports |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children of depressed mothers are at an increased risk of developing behavioral health issues and health complications |
|
Definition
Harnish et al., 1995
Olfson et al., 2003
Weissman et al., 1996, 1986 |
|
|
Term
| Majority of children with an ASD present with at least one psychiatric comorbidity , especially children with Aspergers |
|
Definition
Rosenberg et al., 2011
Simonoff et al., 2008 |
|
|
Term
| Families who are better off financially may be at a reduced risk for negative outcomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strong social supports in the neighborhood may play a role in protecting mother's mental health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overly stressed mothers are poor responders to interventions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fathers should not be underestimated in the role they could play in helping the health of the family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with disabilities benefit greatly from support groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with the most impaired children are the most likely to use support groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents who make positive meaning of their child's disability may become closer, show resiliency, positive perceptions of their child |
|
Definition
Bayat, 2007
Pakenham et al., 2005 |
|
|
Term
| There are 30% of children who are bullied in schools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children who are bullied show internalizing and externalizing mental health problems |
|
Definition
Bond et al., 2001
Seals & Young, 2003 |
|
|
Term
| Children who are bullied show academic problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children who are bullied show impaired school functioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children who have disabilities are bullied at an increased rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with ASDs are at an increased risk for bullying due to their difficulties in making friends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with ASDs may rely more heavily on parents and school staff to help them combat bullying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The risk for victimization of children with disabilities varies based on the severity of the disability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with compromised social skills and poor social cue reading skills appear to be at the greatest risk for bullying (among those with disabilities) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bullied children may display retaliatory aggressive behaviors |
|
Definition
| van Cleave and Davis, 2006 |
|
|
Term
| Middle and high school youth who were bullied turn to friends for support, while elementary school aged children turn to parents and teachers |
|
Definition
| Waasdorp & Bradshaw, 2011 |
|
|
Term
| A child's involvement and attitudes towards bullying are influenced by the school climate |
|
Definition
| (Espelage & Swearer, 2009) |
|
|
Term
| A parent's response to bullying is influenced by school factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents whose children have been bullied are likely to view the school more negatively and perceive that their own efforts would have little impact on combating bullying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents who have a positive evaluation of the school climate are more likely to engage in school-related activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parental school involvement benefits include positive academic and social outcomes |
|
Definition
| Domina, 2005; Zellman & Waterman, 1998 |
|
|
Term
| Parents of children with ASDs may already been meeting actively with guidance counselors and appropriate members of the IEP team |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents who are most actively involvement in IAN are most likely to fill out subsequent surveys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children who are victims in past month more likely to be bullies too, provocative bullies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Older parents were less likely to be involved in their child's school |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower levels of school involvement at regular education population schools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with Aspergers have highest comorbid rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bullied more often leads more bullying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Online surveys have the potential to reduce social desirability biases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents may potentially unreport bullying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many children do not disclose being bullied to adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Highest functioning ASD children may still show verbal impairements |
|
Definition
| Kjelgaard & Tager-Flusberg, 2011 |
|
|
Term
| Adoption of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports has the potential to subsequently reduce the risk for bullying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teachers need additional training to familiarize themselves with population of children with ASDs |
|
Definition
Barnhill et al., 2011
Scheuermann et al., 2003 |
|
|
Term
| There is a shortage of professionals, both educational and medical, who can care for children with ASDs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cost of treating individuals with an ASD has risen in recent years, costs higher than any other developmental childhood condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A shortage in providers can translate to significant delays in receiving interventions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early interventions can lead to gains in functioning, including IQ increases, adaptive behaviors, and ability to maintain gains |
|
Definition
Dawson et al., 2010
Eikeseth et al., 2002
Eldevik et al., 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Increased training of professionals could lead to a reduction seen in the litigaiton taken by parents against school districts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Employment and adults outcomes are poor for ASD individuals |
|
Definition
| Taylor & Seltzer, 2010, 2011 |
|
|
Term
| Criteria for the disorder is being refined through the DSM-V, new diagnosis may include Social Communication Disorder for high functioning children |
|
Definition
Frazier et al., 2012
McPartland et al., 2012 |
|
|
Term
| Aspergers diagnosis has clinical utility |
|
Definition
Ghaziuddin, 2010
Kaland, 2011 |
|
|
Term
| Parents who are reliant on Medicaid for their child's insurance may lose such coverage if their child no longer carries their ASD diangosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poor parenting is a risk for child psychopathology, while strong child coping is a protective factor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mothers who perceive social support as more accessible report fewer stress-related somatic problems and depressive symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roughly 50% percent of all expenditures on mental health services were either directly funded or administered by the states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NAMI reported that the United States received a D in treating individuals with mental illnesses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately 1 in 5 children have an emotional or behavioral problem |
|
Definition
| Institute of Medicine, 2009 |
|
|
Term
| Approximately 20% of children needing mental health services receive them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entry into mental health services often begin in a school setting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caregivers with depression or substance abuse are less likely to seek and obtain mental health care for their children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less than 1 in 3 children receiving psychotropic medication will also receive psychotherapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Families must have necessary supports in order to cope with effectively raising their children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The philosophy of family support embodies the perspective that we should be concerned about the impact of childhood disorders on the entire family as well as the impact of family characteristics on the emotions and behavior of the child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children with autism have greater health plan-based access and provider based access difficulties than children with mental retardation or controls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents in rural settings have negative expectations regarding provision of mental health care for their children, including relationships with providers and access of care |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A partnership has been developed to prepare school psychologists to coordinate community-based systems of care to promote positive educational and health outcomes for children. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A deficit-oriented approach to mental health care minimizes the role that ecological factors serve in the development of pathology, and may contribute to the stigma associated with mental health services |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficit oriented models use a reactive approach, often only being implemented in times of crisis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mental health system's inability to connect with or egnage the most vulnerable groups of children and families may be the provision of incongruent services that lack cultural sensitivity and ecological validity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of children receive mental health services outside the traditional mental health system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately 80% of children receive mental health care through the school, mostly guidance counselors and school psychologists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies comparing concordant rates among peers, teachers, students |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Teacher student concordance on bullying is only 20% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agreement for oppositional defiant disorders is very low between parent and teacher (8-22%) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major depressive disorder is unremitting in 15% of cases and recurrent in 35%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About half of those with a first-onset episode recover and have no further episodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 60% of people who commit suicide had depression or another mood disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1st AD has a 50% remission rate
2nd AD has a 50% remission rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is an inverse relationship between sense of belonging and depressive symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Insecure attachment appears to lead to
depressive symptoms in adulthood through its impact on self-worth contingencies and self-esteem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parents of ASD children are older |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depression reduced with social supports |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 50–70% of all ASD cases are also diagnosed with an ID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depressed parents are more likely to have children with psychopathology and behavioral disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Access to care is limited for racial and ethnic minority families, with low parental education, living in non-metropolitan areas, and not following a major treatment approach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A majority of general pediatricians believe that an established diagnosis is important when considering EI referral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
District revenue was associated with higher proportions of children
identified with autistic disorder at baseline and increasing rates of identification when measured longitudinally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mental health problems for children can be alleviated or minimized by targeting parental mental health issues as a point of intervention |
|
Definition
| Gunlicks & Weissman, 2008 |
|
|
Term
| Development of depression from an insecure attachment |
|
Definition
| Cole-Detke and Kobak (1996) |
|
|
Term
| Parents may seek a label as way to get children the clinical and educational attention they need - and that this could lead to overdiagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of depression is genetic? |
|
Definition
| 37% (Sullivan et al., 2000) |
|
|
Term
| 36% of parents reported dissatisfaction with the services their child received in school for ASDs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately 82% of pediatricians screen for general developmental delays, only 8% screened for ASD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3.0 RR for first-degree relatives
of MDD probands vs. the general population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are treatment differences between unipolar and bipolar depression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30-50% of depression is genetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cut-off score of 12 is appropriate for ASD only population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher reported rates of depression when compared to paper or in-person questionnaires |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Web-based surveys may present usability and accessibility issues for disadvantaged or novice Internet users |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depressed parents have insecure attachments with their child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1/2 of all mood disorders mothers will be depressed by age 30, 1/4 by 18 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effective medical management may allow a child with an ASD to benefit more optimally from educational interventions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pediatricians appear to be more appropriate than family physicians for treating/screening children with DDs |
|
Definition
|
|
