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| located in forebrain; complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes. |
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| located in forebrain; function is movement |
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| located in forebrain; funtion = emotion and memory |
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| located in forebrain; functions are sensory relay station. |
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| located in forebrain; functions are hunger and thirst; emotion. |
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| inferior & superior colliculi |
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Definition
| located in midbrain; function is sensorimotor reflexes |
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| located in hindbrain; functions - refined motor movements |
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| located in midbrain; functions - vital functioning (breathing, digestion) |
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| located in midbrain; functions - arousal and alterness |
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| hunger center - lesions lead to aphagia (i.e., Lacking Hunger) |
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| ventromedial hypothalamus |
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Definition
| satiety center - lesions lead to hyperphagia (i.e., Very Hungry) |
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| Sexual activity - lesions lead to inhibition of sexual activity (i.e., Asexuality) |
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| in the limbic system; a pleasure center identified by Olds and Milner; inhibits aggression; lesions produce "sham rage" |
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| (limbic system) defensive and aggressive behavior; studied by Kluver and Bucy; lesions produce docility and hypersexual states. |
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| (limbic system)memory; lesions produce anterograde amnesia |
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Definition
Left hemisphere (dominant)-letters, words
right " " (nondom.)-faces |
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| auditory system (L vs. R) |
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Definition
left hemisphere(dominant)-language-related sounds.
right hemisphere(nondom)-music |
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Definition
left hemisphere(dominant)-speech, reading, writing, arithmetic.
right hemisphere(nondom.)-emotions |
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Definition
left hemisphere(dominant)-complex voluntary movement.
right " " (nondom.)-N/A |
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| spatial processes (L vs. R) |
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Definition
left hemisphere(dominant in right handed people) - N/A
right hemisphere(nondom.)-geometry, sense of direction |
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Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs) |
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Definition
| located in Dendrite; increase likelihood of action potential |
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Term
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) |
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Definition
| (located in dendrite) decrease likelihood of action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| all-or-nothing law - once action potentials are triggered, they all reach the same voltage |
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Term
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Definition
| stage 1 of action potential; located in axon.maintained by sodium-potassiump pump |
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Term
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Definition
| stage 2 of action potential; located in axon. moves voltage to threshold, triggering action potential spike. |
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Definition
| stage 3 of action potential, located in axon. absolute refractory period begins. |
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| stage 4 of action potential, located in axon.relative refractory periods begins. |
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Definition
| located in axon, the thicker the insulation, the faster the conduction. |
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Definition
| located in axon; action potentials skips along nodes of Ranvier. |
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| chemical transmission begins |
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Definition
| located in terminal buttons; action potential releases neurotransmitters into synapse |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter linked to Ahleimer's disease that involves voluntary muscle control. |
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Definition
| "fight or flight" responses |
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| Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
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Definition
| wakefulness and alternness; linked to depression and mania |
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Definition
| involves smooth movements and steady posture; linked to Schizophrenia & Parkinson's disease |
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| involves mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming; liked to depression and mania |
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Definition
| brain "stabilizer"; liked to anxiety disorders |
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| sedative-hypnotic; affects GABA and is often used as a minor tranquilizer (reduces anxiety) |
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Definition
| a sedative-hypnotic; affects GABA & is often used as sedatives. |
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Definition
| a behavioral-stimulant;affects norepinephrine & dopamine; often used for Narcolepsy |
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| Tricyclics & MAO Inhibitors |
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Definition
| a behavioral-stimulant; affects norepinephrine & serotonin; often used for depression. |
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| Methlyphenidate (Ritalin) |
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Definition
| a behavioral-stimulant; affects dopamine & is often used for attention deficit disorders |
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| Clhlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
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Definition
| a antipsychotic drug; affects dopamine and often used for schizophrenia. |
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Definition
| a antipsychotic drug; affects dopamine and often used for schizophrenia. |
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Definition
| a anitpsychotic drug; not sure what it affects & often used for bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| Narcotics (opiates); affects opiate receptors and often used as painkillers. |
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Definition
| (cortical structure)primary function is executive management of emotional arousal and impulse-control. |
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Term
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Definition
| (cortical structure)primary function is emotional tone of language is processed in the "nondominant" hemisphere (in right-handed people, the right side of the brain). |
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Term
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Definition
| (subcortical structure)the septum is a pleasure center of the brain; the amygdala is associated w/defensive and aggressive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| (subcortical structure)primary function is the "four F's": feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sexual functioning. |
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Definition
| (subcortical structure)a hindbrain structure associated with high and low arousal states |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| (autonomic nervous system)activated in "flight or flight" situations; facilitates rapid expenditure of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| (endocrine system)a hormone associated w/"fight or flight" responses; effects include increased sugar output of liver; increased heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| (neurotransmitter)dopamine is associated with schizophrenia; norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is associated with depression and mania |
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Definition
| (neurotransmitter)associated with depression and mania |
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Definition
| (neurtransmitter) associated with anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| controls release of pituitary hormones |
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Definition
| often called "the master gland"; triggers hormone secretion in many other endocrine glands |
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Definition
| affects metabolism rate; growth and development |
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Definition
| produces adrenaline (epinephrine), which increases sugar output of liver; also increases heart rate; "fight or flight" responses |
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Definition
| estrogen stimulates female sex characteristics; progesterone prepares uterus for implantation of embryo |
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Definition
| testosterone produces male sex characteristics; relevant to sexual arousal. |
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Definition
| localized brain damage (lesions) or brain surgery (ablations) used to study functions of specific brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| used to locate brain ares when implanting electrodes in order to make lesions, or to stimulate and/or record nerve cell activity. |
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Term
| electrical stimulation & recording of neurons |
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Definition
| used to study activity of individual nerve cells |
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Term
| noninvasive imaging and recording techniques |
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Definition
| methods used w/living human subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of language functions; roca's aphasia disturbs ability to produce language. wernicke's aphasia disturbs ability to understand language. |
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Term
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Definition
| impairment of memory functions: anterograde amnesia disturbs memory for events AFTER brain injury occurs; retrograde amnesia disturbs memory for events BEFORE brain injury occurs. |
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Definition
| impairment in perceptual recognition of objects: visual agnosia disturbs visual recognition; tactile agnosia disturbs tactive (touch) recognition |
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Definition
| impairment of skilled motor movements |
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Definition
| sleep stage; uses beta waves. person is awake and alert; fast EEG activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses theta waves; person is lightly awake, but relaxed with eyes closed; slower EEG activity. |
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Definition
| uses theta waves. person is lightly sleeping; EEG activity shows "sleep spindles" and K complexes appear |
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Definition
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Definition
| uses delta waves. person is more deeply asleep; progressively slower EEG activity and steeper "sleep spindles" |
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Definition
| uses delta waves. person is in deepest sleep; slowest EEG activity and steepest "sleep spindles," relaxed muscle tone; decreased respiration and heart rates |
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Term
| REM sleep (rapid eye movement) |
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Definition
| "paradoxical" sleep; fast but irregular EEG activity, similar to alpha waves; relaxed muscle tone; associated with dreaming. |
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Definition
| argued that we recognize emotions based on how our body reacts; "we feel sorry bc we cry, angry b/c we strike, afraid b/c we tremble." |
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| argued that emotions reflect physiological arousal of autonomic nervous system and specific neural circuits in the brain. |
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Definition
| argued that unspecific physiological arousal will be labeled as different emotions depending on mental response to environmental stimulation |
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| french anatomist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with producing spoken language; i.e., broca's area. |
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| physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including "fight or flight" reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions. |
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Definition
| demonstrated that simple learning behavior in sea snails (aplysia) is associated with changes in neurotransmission. |
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Definition
| proposed the James-Lange two-factor theory of emotions |
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Definition
| studied the loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions |
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Definition
| Russian neurologist who studied how brain damage leads to impairment in sensory, motor, and language functions |
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Definition
| studied severe anterograde amnesia in H.M., a patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy |
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Definition
| demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using "self-stimulation" studies in rats |
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Definition
| Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery. |
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Term
| Schachter, S. and Singer, J. |
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Definition
| proposed teh Schachter-Singer tow-factor theory of emotions. |
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Definition
| English physiologist who first inferred the existence of synapse |
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Term
| Sperry, R., and Gazzaniga, M. |
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Definition
| investigated functional differences b/w left and right hemispheres using "split-brain" studies |
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Term
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Definition
| German neurologist who identified the part of the brain primarily associated with understanding spoken language-i.e., Wernicke's area. |
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