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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (also known as the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon) |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables; for example, "intelligence" may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures |
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| repeating the essence of a research survey, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and conditions |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| all cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study (note: except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population) |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situations |
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| scores on one measure increase in direct proportion to scores on another |
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| scores on one measure decrease precisely as scores rise on the other |
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| a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables; the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables; the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (also called a "scattergram" or "scatter diagram") |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable); by random assignment of participants, the experiment controls other relevant factors |
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| organisms whose behaviors are systematically observed in a study (participants) |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo; commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent |
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| Control Condition (Group) |
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| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment |
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