Term
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Definition
| evaluating ability of gobject to provide reward and minimize punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| adopting views of groups to help us maintian good relationships with others |
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Term
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Definition
makes decisions about what to do easier, more quick
ex. I dont like group X, this person is in group X therefor i dont like this person |
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Definition
| have attitdes to say who we are and what we values, expressing ones internal sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes help us deal with intra-psychic conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| attitude formation or change occurs to meet a need or serve a function |
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Term
| Semantic Differential Technique |
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Definition
evaluate attitudes objects on series of bipolar scales
ex. strong -> weak
active -> passive
fast -> slow |
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Term
Thurstone's Equal Appearing Interval Scale
(steps) |
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Definition
1. collect statements reflecting diff opinions of attitude objects that can be rated on a 5-7 point scale
2. judges sort statements into piles depending on degree of attitude
3. scale value of item = median of judes assignments
4. keep statements equally spaced, want some at end of each interval
5. participant checks items agreed with; mean scale values is attitude object |
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Term
Likert's Summated Rating Scale
(steps)
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Definition
1. collect statements reflecting diff opinions of attitude object that can be rated on a 5-7 point scale
2. inital participants indicate degree of agreement with each statement
3. separate highest (most pos) and lowest (most neg) 25% of participants overall
4. use items that best discriminate between highest and lowest 25%
5. give only those items to other participants |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect measures - doesnt require that you actually ask them about attitude object
unconsious |
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Term
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Definition
| identify words related to stereotypes about attitude object |
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Term
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Definition
| respond "good" or "bad" to words AFTER attitude prime |
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Term
| Response Competition Procedures |
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Definition
| pair attitude object with "good" or "bad" and evaluate response, does good or bad pair faster |
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Term
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Definition
show them a pic/word that related to a concept (prime), we can then ask them to identify other words related to the primed concept
- takes less time to reconginize words related to prime and more time to recognize words unrelated to prime |
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Term
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Definition
prime a person to be thinking about (at an unconsious level) an attitude object by presenting it at a speed that prevents them from seeing it consciously
- they are quicker at recognizing words that are related to prime and slower at recognizing words unrelated to prime |
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Term
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Definition
being asked what ideas or concepts are associated iny our mind with an attitude object
- you recognize stereotype words and words associated with prime faster than non-stereotype/unassociated words |
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Term
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Definition
you are asking person to evaluate an attitude object
- subliminally show primed attitude object
- flash pos/neg valenced words
- if neg attitude toward prime will recognize neg valenced words faster ... vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which your affect and cognitions are consistent with your behaviours |
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Term
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Definition
| when you have both pos and neg feelings about attitude object |
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Term
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Definition
| how quick/readily can we create/retreive an attitude |
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Term
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Definition
intensity/extremity of attitude
is it moderate or strong |
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Term
Expectancy value: One-factor model of attitudes
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Definition
attitudes are a set of beliefs (cognitions) about attitude object
based on Q (quality) x V (value of quality)
- higer the sum the more pos the atttude
- affect and bheaviour determined by attiude |
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Term
| Attitudes as beliefs: one-factor model of attitudes as beliefs |
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Definition
attitudes are a set of beliefs
3 beliefs:
1. goals -> will i reach my goal bc of it
2. feelings/emotions
3. behavioural approach -> do i approach or run away
- these 3 determine your attitude |
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Term
| 2 factor model: affect and cognition |
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Definition
there are 2 components to attitudes your cogntions and affect
- looking at relationship between the 2
- if cog is neg, affect is neg; if affect is neg, cog is neg ... vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
affect, behaviours and cognitions affect your attitudes
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Term
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Definition
| diff parts of a constrct will have high correlatins with eachother suggesting the are all part of the same thing |
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Term
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Definition
| correlations between wat we take to be diff constructs are low |
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Term
Contemporary Interpretation
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Definition
| elements of affect, behaviour and cognition all go into making up attitudes |
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Term
| Vertical Higher Order structre |
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Definition
higher level attitudes or beliefs are related to subordinate attitudes or beliefs
- relationship between higher order and lower level attitudes leads to even lower level attitudes |
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Term
| Horizontal Higher order structure |
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Definition
| attitudes along the same level horizontally are related to eachother |
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Term
| Centrality Higher Order Structure |
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Definition
| some attitudes are more central to our belief systems then others |
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Term
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Definition
| best predictor for single act is the intention to engage in that act |
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Term
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Definition
| global attitude measure is a better predictor of combination of multiple acts than a single act |
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Term
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Definition
| hard to say what behaviours should folow from some attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| ask an individual to report the existence and extent of ambivalence - explicit measure |
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Term
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Definition
ask individual to make statements about cogniton or affect regarding attitude object
- you calculate the potential ambivalence
- (P+N)/2 - IP - NI |
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Term
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Definition
| diff valuces conflict in attitude object -> clash of values |
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Term
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Definition
| some ppl are generally more likely to be ambivalent |
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Term
| Over justification effects |
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Definition
the loss of intrinsic motivation for a behvaiour
ex. when u do something for the pleasure of it and when you start getting paid for doing that you start to not enjoy doing it as much
- rewards deacrese the intrinsic attractiveness of the task |
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Term
Presenting evaluatively consistent or inconsitent info
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Definition
| when you are certain one thing is true, then find out what you thought to be true is false |
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Term
| Measures of attitude strength: meta attitudinal measures |
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Definition
| explicit measures -> ask directly about strength and importance |
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Term
| measures of attitude strength: operative measures |
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Definition
| implicit measures -> assess atttiude and then estimate strength |
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Term
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Definition
| activation due to increased accessibility makes all judgements (including affective ones) more extreme whether fluency is pos or neg |
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Term
| fluencey attribution model |
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Definition
| fluency becomes misattributed for liking since the ease of processing is experienced as pleasent |
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Term
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Definition
| fluencey in itself induces a positive affect -> fluency activates smile muscles |
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Term
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Definition
in intially neutral stimulus is followed by another stimulus which automatically initiates a response either pos or neg
- when the CS is presented either a pos or neg response is followed |
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Term
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Definition
a pos or neg stimuli is presented first and a neutral one follows (opposite of CC)
- if presented with a pos prime your liking for the neutral stimulus increases ... vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| what is required or expected in a given situation -> whether or not ingroup approves/disapproves |
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Term
injunctive normative beliefs
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Definition
| what individuals believe their ingroup approves/disapproves of |
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Term
descriptive normative beliefs
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Definition
| what individuals perceive their ingroup commonly does in a given situation |
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Term
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Definition
| desire to be accurate or correct |
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