Term
|
Definition
~ Basic properties and physical structures - sensation components
~Visual Perception
~Gestalt Principles
~Optical illusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stabilized imges on the Retnia
~ Wavelength
~ Hue
~ Brightness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Visual Stimulus
(wavelenght in nanometers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~ The eye works like a cameral using a lense to focus light onto a photosensitive surface at the back of a sealed structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening in the center of the iris that lets in light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colored area containing muscles that control the pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane at the back of the eye repsonsible for converting light into nerual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central portion of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the visual field we can't see because of an absense of rods and cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the axons of ganglion cells, travels from retina to the rest of the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ periphery of retina
~ detect black, white, and grey
~ sensitive to dim light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ Near center of retina
~ fine detail and color sensitive
~ fewer than rods (6 mill vs. 120 mill) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By mixing only three primary Lights (red,green,and blue) you can create the perceptual experience of all possible colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hering proposed that we perceive color in a system of paired opposites, proposed that we have color opponent cells...
~ red-green opponent cells
~ blue-yellow opponent cells |
|
|
Term
| Feature Detector Approach |
|
Definition
suggest that we break complex stimuli down into component parts
~ feature detectors
~ essential for the first stages of analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized neurons that respond to the presence of certain simple features (e.g. angles,lines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex: if you close one eye and look at your finger in front of your face and then close the other eye the picture jumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex: If you are looking at something close to your face your eyes have to strain which sends a message to the brain that something is close to you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ Relative Size
~ Texture gradient, linear perspective, height in plane
~ interposition
~ light and shadow
~ accommodation
~ motor parallax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close objects will pass by faster that distant objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organization of the visual field into objects (figues) that sand out from their surroundings (ground) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ proximity
~ similarity
~ good continuation
~ connectedness
~ closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group nearby figures together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perceive continuous patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spots, lines, and areas are seen as units when connected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misinterprettion of a visual stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the number of vibrations or cycles of the sound wave per second
~referred to as hertz
~pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the psychological experience of frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the intensity of the sound waves
~ referred to as decibels
~ loudness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the psychological experience of amplitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts as a funnel to direct sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (has ossicles) that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum to the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the structures that actually transduce sound into neural responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
up to about 100 Hz
~hair cells at many points along the basilar membrane produce impulses in synchrony with the sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
about 100-4000Hz
~ different cells produce impulses in synchornoy with different sound waves
~volleys are the chief mechanism for transmitting most speech and music to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beyond 4000 Hz
~ only one point along the basilar membrane vibrates; hair cells at other locations remain still |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when the special bones in the ear fail to transmit sound waves properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from damage to structures that recieve and transmit impulses (cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the sense of smell
~receptors in mucous membrane at rear of air passage of noes
~ detect airborne molecules
~ relay system in the thalamus
~ travels to the olfactory bulb, in base of brain and in contact w/ the limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the sense of taste
~ the taste buds are located in folds on the tongue
~ contain majority of human taste receptors that detect chemicals
~ 4 taste (sweet,sour,salty,and bitter)
~ 5th taste umami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the sense of touch
~ pressure,warmth and cold, pain, vibration, movement and stretch of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter that is released for intense pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemically identical to opiates; released in response to the release of substance P; weaken pain sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical present in hot peppers
~stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat
~ causes the release of substance P and depletes supply of it in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prodcued by activity in the somatosensory cortex adjacent to the area once belonging to the missing limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
semicircular canals' oriented in different directions; contain a jellylike substance, lined with hair cells
~otolith organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcium carbonate particles; also have hair cells |
|
|
Term
| "its meaning we know so long as no one asks us to define it." |
|
Definition
| William James' definition of Consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid eye movement sleep
~recurring sleep stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ Alpha and theta waves
~ easily aroused
~ body relaxed
~ 5-10 mins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ mostly theta waves with sleep spindles
~ K complexes and some delta waves
~ slight sounds won't arouse
~ body won't arouse, body very relaxed
~15-20 minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ delta waves
~ 20-50% of sleep cycle
~ difficult to arouse
~ vitals slowed
~ 5-10 mins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~delta waves >50%
~ very difficult ro arouse
~ vitals are at lowest levels
~ 20-40 mins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small and fast waves
~arousal similar to stage 2
~hightened physiology but voluntary muscles suppressed
~ 5-15 mins |
|
|
Term
| Preservation and protection theory |
|
Definition
sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
~lower body temp and decreased muscle activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape
~effects of sleep deprivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ upper airway blocked
~ other cases are associated with abnormalities in medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~ sudden attacks of irresistible sleepiness during the day; muscle weakness/paralysis and vivid dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~"NDE's"
~ nearly 10-15% of people who nearly died
~ can be triggered by stimulating the temporal loves, lack of oxygen to brain, and some drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ feeling of reliving an experience
~ associated with temporal-lobe epilepsy
~ Dual processing theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ experienced beyond the realms of ordinary consciousness
~ spiritual in nature
~ overlap with other altered states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ various practices that train attention and or awareness
~ possible psychological benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ "Hypnos" Greek God of sleep
~ condition of increased suggestibility
~ a voluntary, cooperative social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ Boost activity in the central nervous system
~ ex: tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow does the CNS
~ ex: alcohol, sedative-hypnotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ mimic endorphins, reducing pain and producing euphoria
~ ex: heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycontin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~ relatively permanent change in behavior (or thought) as a result of experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~attempt to understand psychology in terms of observable stimuli and response
~ propose that to study learning, we should study observable behaviors, not mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplest form of learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism comes to associate two stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
~ always elicits a reflex action
~ex: food, blast of air, noise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ does not normally elicit a response by itself
~ex: bell ringing, a color |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
|
Definition
~ a response to an US-(naturally occuring)
~ ex: salivation at smell of food, eye blinks at blast of air |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| ~ the stimulus that was originally neutral becomes "conditioned" after it has been paired with the CS |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| ~ the original UR becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ~ (CS stops before the UCS is presented) is slow and often ineffective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (UCS followed by the CS) rarely works |
|
|
Term
| Higher - order conditioning |
|
Definition
| ~ CS #2 signals CS #1 and CS #2 comes to elicit CR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates when a response will be reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| establishes a response by reinforcing successive approximations to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is where behaviors reinforced by opportunities to engage in the next behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presentation of a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presentation of a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior |
|
|
Term
| schedules (patterns) or reinforcement |
|
Definition
| sets of rules for delivery of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positively reinforced every time you exhibit the desired behavior |
|
|
Term
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
|
Definition
only given positive reinforcement some of the time
~ slow acquisition
~ greater resistance to extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivery of reinforcement depends on the number of responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivery of reinforcement depends on the amount of time that has passed since last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ reinforce a response only after a specified number of responses
~ faster you respond, more rewards you get
~ high rate of responding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
~average ratios
~high rate of responding
~difficult to extinguish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~reinforce a response after a specified time elapsed
~response occurs more frequently as the anticipated tie for reward draws near |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~ reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
~ produces slow, steady responding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary (conditioned) reinforcers |
|
Definition
~ gains its reinforcing power through its asociation with primary reinforcer
~ can trade them in for primary reinforcers
~basis for token economies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A less preferred, less frequent behavior can be reinforced with the opportunity to engage in a preferred, more frequent behavior |
|
|
