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17th-century school of philosophy championed by John Locke, according to which all the contents of the mind are gained experientially through the senses; this notion was later a cornerstone for the behaviourists' position that we are shaped through our experiences.
i.e: The view that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge. |
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An early school of American psychology that focused on the functions of consciousness and behaviour in helping organisms adapt to their environment.
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Refers to a general psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment |
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A German school of psychology that emphasized the natural organization of perceptual elements into wholes, or patterns, as well as the role of insight in problem solving. --OR--
It studies the mind and behaviour as a whole. there are laws:
The Law of Similarity
The Law of Pragnanz (simplest form)
The Law of Proximity
The Law of Continuity
The Law of Closure |
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An approach to analyzing behavioural phenomena and their causal factors in terms of biological, psychological (cognitive), and environmental (sociocultural) factors.
(Example: Anger can be analyzed three different ways) |
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| An early german school of psychology established by Wilhelm Wundt that attempted to study the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its basic components, thought to be sensations |
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| Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology |
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| A subfield in psychology that studies people's behavior in the workplace |
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Any of the sciences that deal with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain.
Such sciences collectively. |
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| School of psychology that emphasizes the role of learning and environmental control over behaviour, and maintains that the proper subject matter of psychology is observable behaviour. John Watson and BF Skinner were major figures in this perspective. |
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| The scientific study of the biological (esp. ecological and evolutionary) aspects of social behavior in animals and humans. |
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| Any characteristic or factor, within a study or experiment, that can vary. |
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Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it. They translate abstract concepts into something observable and measurable.
Example: Correlation between stress and academic performance? Academic performance can be defined as final exam scores, or overall GPA. |
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| Recording behaviour in a way that keeps participants unaware that certain responses are being measured. Distracted by a "fake test" or "disguised test" are 2 examples. Also the use of hidden cameras. |
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| Records or documents that already exist |
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| Seeks to describe phenomena. Seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings. |
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| When a person or animal adapts to and ignores an observer who is watching them. After this has taken place, the researcher can make non-bias observations, and witness genuine activity. |
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| Bidirectionality Problem (Two-Way Causality) |
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| When a researcher is unsure whether or not variable X caused Y, or if Y caused X, or if they both influenced each other. |
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| When it could be X that caused Y, Y that caused X, or if there was a third, a Z, that subtly caused both. |
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| When two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced a dependant variable. Example: mood level/boosted intelligence in the mozart effect experiment. |
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| A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables. On a scale between -1.0 ~ +1.0. The farther the number is from zero, the stronger the correlation, whether negative or positive. |
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| A procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage. |
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| A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic to test the overall significance of the findings. |
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Represents the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions.
Example: in the driving simulator experiment, research methods such as random assignment, repeated measures, and counterbalancing ensure that it really is the cell phone that causes accidents, not other factors such as tiredness or carelessness. Therefore this cause and effect experiment has a high ______________. |
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| Experimenter Expectancy Effects |
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Definition
Refers to the subtle and unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher's hypothesis.
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Or it is when a researcher makes bias observations about the groups, for example, testing a drug: he observes both groups and, since he knows which group is on the drug and which has had placebo, he makes bias observations. (To avoid this, experimenters conduct a Double Blind Study.) |
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The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, conditions.
Typically, judgments of __________ concern the generalizability of underlying principles. |
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| Cross-Culture Replication |
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| Examining whether the findings of an experiment generalize across different cultures. |
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| A set of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. Links unrelated observations and tries to explain them |
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| 7 Unifying themes of Psychology |
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Psychology is empirical.
Psychology is theoretically diverse.
Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
Our behaviour is shaped by environment and cultural heritage.
Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. |
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| 6 Perspectives of Psychology |
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Definition
Behaviourist (Watson)
Biological / Evolutionary
Psychodynamic (Frued)
Cognitive
Environmental / Sociocultural
Humanistic (Maslow and Rogers) |
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Biological (Evolutionary)
Inter-psychic (Psychodynamic/Humanist)
Cognitive
Environmental (Sociocultural) |
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The scientific study of behaviour and the mind.
OR
The science that studies behaviour and physiological and cognitive processes that underline it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. |
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| To describe, understand, and predict human behaviour. |
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| A prediction of the difference of 2 or more variables |
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| The Global Approach to science |
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Definition
Create a hypothesis from a theory.
Research the hypothesis, make a prediction.
Design a study, use operational definitions.
Conduct study, collect data.
Analyze and interpret data, i.e. graphs and scatterplots.
Report Findings.
Create a testable theory. |
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| Guiding Ethical Principles set by Tri-Council Policy, 2010 |
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Definition
Autonomy
Concern for Welfare
Justice
Must be safe
Must be treated fairly and equitably
Must be able to leave at any time
Participants must give informed consent |
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| A participant gives informed consent, remaining oblivious to the research hypothesis. Highly controversial. |
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Definition
A) Descriptive Research - 3 approaches:
1.Naturalistic observation
2.Case study
3.Survey
B) Correlational Research.
1.Association between variables
2.No cause and effect
C) Experimental Research
1.Establish cause and effect relationships
2.Most valuable research |
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| Experiment: Logic and Definition |
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| A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable. |
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| A variable that cannot be controlled or manipulated. Example: a person's expectations. |
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| Positive Psychology Movement |
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| Emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfilment and optimal living |
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| Independent Variable (IV) |
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| Variables that are manipulated. |
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| Variables that are measured. |
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