Term
| therapeutic approaches for antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
stimulants are prescribed and beneficial in the short term.
anti-anxiety drugs reduce hostility levels
lithium helps treat the aggressive and impulsive behavior
Psychotherapeutic approaches show little success but behavioral and cognitive approaches can be somewhat successful |
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Term
| pharmacological treatment of ADHD |
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Definition
| treated with Ritalin which has similar effects to caffeine but it is more potent. The drug decreases overactivity and distractibility and increases attention and the ability to concentrate. |
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Term
| behavioral treatment of ADHD |
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Definition
| aims to reinforce positive behaviors and ignore or punish problem behaviors. the combination of medication and behavioral therapy is more effective than either treatment alone. |
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Term
| applied behavioral analysis to autism |
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Definition
| an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning they teach patients that behaviors that are reinforced for increase in frequency while behaviors that are not reinforced should be extinguished |
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Term
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Definition
| theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations |
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Term
| cultural differences in personality |
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Definition
| studies have proven that difference in the "big 5" exist across nations, though these differences are moderate and not reflected in self reports |
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Term
| behavioral approach system |
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Definition
| the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards - found more in extroverts |
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Term
| behavioral inhibition system |
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Definition
| the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain - found more in introverts |
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Term
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Definition
| childhood temperaments predict behavioral outcomes in early adulthood |
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Term
| age-related change in personality |
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Definition
| while personality is relatively stable over time, aging can lead to someone becoming less neurotic, less extraverted, and less open to new experiences. They become more agreeable and more conscientious |
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Term
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Definition
| dispositional traits determined by biological processes; they are stable over time |
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Term
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Definition
| adjustments to situational demands - they tend to be somewhat consistent because they are based on skills, habits, roles etc. |
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Term
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Definition
William James and George Herbert Mead developed theories of the self
referring to the self as an object ("me") is the objectified self
the self is the subject doing the thinking, feeling and activing. it is involved in executive functions such as choosing, planning, and exerting control. The o.s. is the knowledge the subject holds about itself, such as its bet and worst qualities - self awareness |
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Term
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Definition
Tory Higgins - the theory that the awareness of differences between personal standards and goals leads to strong emotions
ex. you think youre lazy but would like to be hard-working so you feel disappointed, frustrated and depressed - you are AWARE of a discrepancy between seeing yourself as lazy and wanting others to see you as hardworking |
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Term
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Definition
| the immediate experience of self - it is limited to the amount of personal information that can be processed cognitively at any given time |
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Term
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Definition
| people's self-esteem is based on how they believe others perceive them - people internalize the values and beliefs expressed by important people in their lives, adopting those attitudes as their own |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejections - people with high self-esteem have low probability of rejection and visa versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that self esteem protects an individual from the horror of knowing they will eventually die. |
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Term
| better-than-average-effect |
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Definition
| most people describe themselves as above average in nearly every way |
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Term
| self-evaluative maintenance |
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Definition
| a theory in which people can feel threatened when someone close to them outperforms them on a task that is personally relevant |
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Term
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Definition
| when a person evaluates their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with another person's - they are important in understanding actions and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| factors that contribute to the development of a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychology, examination of a person's mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| observering the actions of a patient can lead to a diagnosis - he might avoid eye-contact (social anxiety) |
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Term
| neuropsychological testing |
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Definition
| client performs actions such as copying a picture or sorting through cards - these tests indicate problems in specific brain regions |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
the occurrance of two or more distinct identities in the same individual (multiple personality disorder)
brain separates itself into personalities to protect itself from past trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitation event |
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Term
| biological factors in mental disorders |
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Definition
| certain brain regions are associated with psychopathology - they reflect vulnerabilities but do not necessarily mean that the person will get the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family - puts the patient's problems into social context and helps explain psychological issues |
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Term
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Definition
a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interactions between individuals and their cultures
explains why anorexia is more common in certain cultures |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral approach |
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Definition
a diagnostic model that views psychopahtology as the result of learned, maladaptive cognitions
Explains phobias |
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Term
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Definition
most common in women:
characterized by emotions such as distress and fear |
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Term
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Definition
most common in men:
characterized by disinhibition (like alcoholism), conduct disorders, and antisocial behavior |
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Term
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Definition
a fear of a specific object or situation
it can be adaptive, such as a fear of spiders or heights, but greatly exaggerated |
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Term
| specific phobia vs. social phobia |
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Definition
specific - involve particular objects and situations
social - fear of being negatively evaluated by others |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may e difficult or impossible |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions
obsessions - recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts of ideas or mental images which often contain fear of contaminations, accidents, or one's own aggression
compulsions - particular acts that a person feels driven to perform over and over again to ease anxiety not for pleasure |
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Term
| cognitive factors in anxiety disorders |
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Definition
a patient has the tendency to perceive neutral situations as threatening
they focus excessive attention on perceived threats
they recall threatening events more easily than nonthreatening events and exaggerate their magnitude and frequency |
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Term
| situations factors in anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| a person could develop a fear by observing another person's fearful reaction. this fear can become generalized and develop into a phobia |
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Term
| biological factors of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
people who have an inhibited temperamental style are at risk for developing social phobias
in obsessive compulsive disorder the area of the brain involved in suppressing impulses is smaller than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| they reflect extreme emotions - depression is excessive sadness etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities |
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Term
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Definition
a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
can be considered a personality disorder because the mood is so long-lasting |
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Term
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Definition
a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
manic episodes: characterized by elebated mood, increased activiety, diminished need for sleep, gradiose ideas, racing thoughts, and extreme distractibility
equally common in men and women, develops in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Term
| learned helplessness model |
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Definition
| a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them |
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Term
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Definition
a mental disorder characterized by alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness
it is a psychotic disorder characterized by alterations in thoughts, perceptions, or consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations , that are excesses in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| sytmptoms of schizophrenia marked by deficits in functions such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement |
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Term
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Definition
false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality (a positive symptom of schizophrenia)
common forms: paranoid, grandiose, persecution |
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Term
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Definition
| false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source |
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Term
| loosening of associations |
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Definition
| a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless |
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Term
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Definition
acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care such as failing to dress properly or bathe
a positive symptom of schizophrenia |
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Term
| borderline personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by identity, affective, and impulsive disturbances |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
a personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse (psychopath)
not curable
equally common in men and women
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Term
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Definition
a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests
core symptoms: deficits in communication, being unaware of others, and restricted activities and interests
primarily biological |
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Term
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| a goal of some types of therapy: a patient's understanding of his or her own psychological processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of humanistic therapy: an empathetic approach to therapy; it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation. It is based on classical conditioning to help patients deal with irrational fears |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps the patient deal develop social skills and are cheaper. they are organized by type of client or type of problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual is a part of a larger context and any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system - often demonstrated on a family level |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members. These correspond to relapses in a patient's condition. |
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Term
| Effect of culture on mental therapy |
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Definition
| The way mental disorders are express vary based on culture, as do the treatments. SThe region of a patient determines the availability, use, and effectiveness of different tyes of psychotherapy for various cultural and ethnic groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that affect mental processes - they are largely responsible for the era of deinstitutionalization, when patients are released from mental institutions after being treated with these drugs |
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Term
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Definition
a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety - sometimes called traquilizer - they are a short-term treatment
They induce drowsiness and are highly addictive |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of psychotropic medications used to treat depresion |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis - these drugs reduce symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
a procedure used to treat depression; it involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain
common in the 1950s, now it is used sparingly and extreme measures are taken to relax muscles and confine the shock to the brain |
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Term
| transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| a procedure involving magnets sending electrical currents through the brain disrupting brain activity in specific regions. It is possibly helpful for depression |
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Term
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Definition
| a new technique for treating severe mental disorders where electrodes are sugically implated deep within the brain then used to mildly stimulate teh brain electrically . It is used to treat Parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by the fear and avoidance of particular stimuli
fears are acquired either through experiencing a trauma or by observing similar fear in others |
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Term
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Definition
| the first step in treating patients with phobias, for systematic desensitization, they make a list of fears in ascending order |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by muscle tension, difficulty breathing, and difficulty concentrating - it comes on for no reason
it is treated with cognitive behavioral therapy |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
a combination of recurrent intrusive thoughts and behaviors that an individual feels compelled to perform over and over
They must perform the compulsions to prevent anxiety or a dreaded event from occurring
partly genetic |
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Term
| dialectical behavior therapy |
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Definition
a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder
it combines elements of the behavioral, cognitive and psychodynamic appraoches. |
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Term
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Definition
| the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes that people can report |
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Term
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Definition
| attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level |
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Term
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Definition
| the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
| a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes |
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Term
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Definition
| the facial expressions gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others |
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Term
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Definition
| people's causal explanations for why events or actions occur |
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Term
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Definition
| explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and efforts |
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Term
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Definition
| explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or actions of other people |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups |
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Term
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Definition
| people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or other's expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards |
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Term
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Definition
| expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the altering of one's opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to agree to do things requested by others |
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Term
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Definition
| any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| tending to benefit others |
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Term
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Definition
| the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so |
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Term
| bystander intervention effect |
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Definition
| the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges (in early childhood) - libido is focussed on the erogenous zones: mouth, anus and genitals |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the psychosexual stages, from birth to 18 months, when pleasure is sought through the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| two to three years old, child is focussed on potty training - focus on the anus |
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Term
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Definition
| age three to five, children direct pleasure to the genitals, often rubbing them for pleasure though with no inherent sexual intent |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic theory, internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of teh superego |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress |
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Term
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Definition
| approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential |
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Term
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Definition
| discrete categories based on global personality characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions |
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Term
| Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality |
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Definition
| Extraversion (for example) is a superordinate trait made up of sociability, dominance, assertiveness, activity, and liveliness. Each of these subordinate traits is made up of habitual and specific responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
| person-cenetered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons |
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Term
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Definition
| approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits - people can be inconsistent |
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Term
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Definition
| the generic name given to formal psychological treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease |
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