Term
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Definition
| the study of how experiences and other factors affect individuals' behaviors and action |
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Term
| What are the primary goals of psychology? |
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Definition
Measure and describe
predict and control
Explain and understand |
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Term
| In what was Wilhelm Wundt interested? |
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Definition
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Term
| Introspection belongs to which psychological perspective? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after HS paired with a stimulus that naturally brings a response |
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Term
| What did William James specialize in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of practice or experience |
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Term
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Definition
| an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does - the functions of mental activity- and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments |
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Term
| In Pavlov's classic studies on classical conditioning, what were the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response? |
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Definition
Unconditioned stimulus - meat
conditioned stimulus sound of bell
unconditioned response - salivation |
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Term
| What happens when a previously conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without an unconditioned response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is spontaneous recovery? |
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Definition
| the re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning |
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Term
| What is generalizability? |
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Definition
| a process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that one similar produce a similar response |
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Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on positive or negative consequences |
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Term
| Who formulated the law of effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish negative reinforcement from positive reinforcement. |
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Definition
negative - without a stimulus or removed
positive - with stimulus |
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Term
| What are the advantages and the disadvantages of using punishment to change behavior? |
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Definition
+ quick and easy
+ may not have 2nd chance
+ suppress
- effectively immediately
- phy. aggression is good
- doesn't convey a HS |
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Term
| Distinguish the partial reinforcement schedules. |
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Definition
CONTINUOUS- give a pellet every time they hit the lever
FIXED RATIO - 2 presses = 1 pellet
FIXED INTERVAL - after 1 bar press it takes "x" amounts of time for the food to come out
VARIABLE RATIO - on avg: 10 press = 1 pellet |
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Term
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Definition
| process of teaching complex behavior by rewards, closer and closer behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what distinguishes social learning theory from other learning theories? |
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Definition
| We are reinforced and learn from others behavior, responses, and consequences |
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Term
| Who developed the social learning theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cognitive map? |
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Definition
| development of social awareness |
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Term
| What are the components of reciprocal determinism? |
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Definition
1) person
2) Environment
3) Behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the basis of our concept. Bird --> ostrich |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental picture of a group or class into which you can combine other things |
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Term
| What are the processes involved in memory? |
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Definition
Attention: what do you focus on?
Encoding: Taking info off a page into a data base
Storage: where we put it in our heads
Retrieve: opening a file |
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Term
| Distinguish iconic memory and echoic memory |
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Definition
iconic - sensory (visual)
Echoic - auditory store |
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Term
| how long does information remain in each memory system? |
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Definition
iconic: 1 second
echoic: 10 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| using a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be used in short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| learning a technique that aids in information retention. translate into a form that is useful |
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Term
| What are the primacy and recency effects? |
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Definition
| remembering things are first. remembers things that are last |
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Term
| Distinguish the different types of memory in long term store. |
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Definition
Procedural: skills and habits,riding a bike
Semantic: general things with meaning
Episodic: personal knowledge |
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Term
| What is the levels-of-processing theory? |
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Definition
| rehearsal. shallow processing = rhyme shape of spelling |
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Term
| What is the reconstructive nature of memory? |
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Definition
| its not like looking at a photo album than re shelving it. Every time we access a memory we change it or retrace it |
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Term
| Identify three theories of forgetting. |
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Definition
-Trace Delay
-Deliberate forgetting
- Information either is not there or it is there but can't be retrieved |
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Term
| Distinguish proactive and retroactive interference. |
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Definition
Proactive: old memories interfere with the recall of new info
Retroactive: |
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Term
| What did Lashley demonstrate about memory? |
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Definition
| There is a direct tie to the brain |
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Term
| Who used CVCs to study forgetting? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1)Survey
2)Question
3)Read
4)Recite
5)Review
6)Rewrite |
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Term
| What are the key skills in note taking? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three levels of grammar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the smallest meaningful unit of speech? |
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Definition
| Mistakenly modifying or connecting irregualar words. shows that it isn't just trial and error |
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Term
| What is the language-acquistion device? |
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Definition
| hypothetic module of the brain that accounts for a child's innate predisposition for language acquisitionWhat |
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Term
| What is the Whorfian(the language-relativity) hypothesis? |
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Definition
| If you don't have a word for it, you can't understand it. |
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Term
| What is the 'g' factor of intelligence? |
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Definition
| A general factor of intelligence that affects other areas of intelligence |
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