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Definition
eye blink withdrawal reflex rooting sucking palmer grasp stepping moro tonic neck babinski |
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| an inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation |
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| completely okay for the baby because it imakes their motor developlment morve more |
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| back lying and locomotion |
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Definition
| babies should sleep on their back not their tummies |
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Maturation and experince based Myrtle and Mcgraw Experiment |
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Definition
1932 Columbia Johnny and Jimmy 8 hrs a day , 5 days a week in her lab johnny got lots of motor expeience jimmy remianed in a crib with 2 toys |
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| the case of the disappearing reflex |
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Definition
newborn=2 months stepping reflex toddlers begins to walk at about 14 months esther thelen- fat distribution |
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| Dynamic systems perspective |
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Definition
mastery of motor skills involves acquring increasingly complex systems of action each skill is a product of earlier skills CNS development movement possibilities of body goals of child environmental support Goal=understand whole system not just parts need to understand dynamics-change/stability |
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Definition
| look in the lecture notes online |
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Definition
| babies are afraid to go over the cliff |
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Term
7 month old's locomotor and prelocomotor |
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Definition
slowly lower infant to deep or shallow side of cliff all infants show visual placing response on shallow side and not deep side; so all infants have depth perception only locomotor infants show heart rate acceleration over deep side |
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Term
accelerate locomotor methods What if deprived locomotor experience? RESULTS |
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Definition
4 groups of infnats prelocomotor infants given 47 hrs of walker experience in home prelocomotor control group given no walker locomotor infants given 32 hours of walker experienc ei home locomotor control group given no walker 1 infants born with doube hip dislocation in cast until 8.5 months-very delayed cardiac responsiveness ALL infants given locomotor experience shoedmore heart rate acceleration than matched controls so walker experience made prelocomotor infants wary walker experience for locomotor infants was a double dose effect |
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locomotor experience not age accounts for healthy fear of heights lack of fear is not due to perceptual deficits active not passive epxerience is importnatn infants use emotioncal cues from parents |
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Definition
| the use of another person's emotion expression to inerpret an ambiguous situation |
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habituation perceptual learning statistical learning classical conditioning instrumental conditioning observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
a decrease in responsiveness to repeated stiulation suggests learning or encoding has occured |
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Definition
infants actively search for oder and regularity in the world around them |
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Definition
is the extraction from the constantly changing stiumlation in teh environment of those elements that are ivnariant or stable infants make use of object affordances -the possibilities for action offred by objects ans situations |
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Definition
| involves picking up info from teh environment forning associations among stiumli that accur ina statisitcally predictable pattern |
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Definition
| a form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a reflexive response |
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Definition
21 infants of diabetic mothers with 21 controls only infants of dm got repeated heel prick in the first 36 hours of life all infants had blood drawn from hand on second day of life infants responses to pain were compared infant of dm showed more grimacing and crying during skin cleaning and during procedure a separate group of 12 infants of db mothers and matched controls were examined when they got injection of vitamin K no differences in response to pain |
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Term
| operant(or instrumental) conditioning |
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Definition
| involves learing the relation between one's ownbehavior and the consequences that result |
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Term
| needham barret and peterman 2002 |
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Definition
16 prereaching infants given 10 14 10 minutes sitcky mitten session ;16 infants in control group palm of mittne stick to toys allowing infants to pick up objects dependent measures : holding time , looking time , mouthing time sitcky mittens results infants given enriched experiences showed more sophisticated object exploration strategies and more object engagement |
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Definition
| karen adolph and her colleagues have found that infnats do not transfer what thye learned about crawling down slopes to walking down slopes |
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Definition
motor development begins with reflexes and infants gain control over movement cultures emphasize different aspect sof motor developlment : experience and maturation both important dynamic systems perspective useful for undersanding role of reflexes in development active movement is importnatn in development of depth pereption and wariness of heights infants learn about perils of locomotion separately for each movement scale errors suggest there acn be failure in integrativing action and perception |
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Term
infant cognition the preverbal number concept |
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Definition
numberical categorization; habitutuation method |
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Term
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Definition
| at 6 months infants show a novelty effect when numberical values differ by a 1/2 ration but not a 2/3 ratoi |
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Term
| precisiion increases with age |
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Definition
at 6 months infants need a 1/2 ration by 9 months can do a 2/3 ration at 6 months if we provide visual and auditory redundant cue a 2/3 ration can be discrminated |
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Term
| the preverbal number concept |
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Definition
numberical coategorization : habituation method crossmodal number matching |
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Definition
| the combining of information from tow or more senses is presnet from very eraly in life |
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Definition
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Definition
| seven month olds look longer at the screen taht contains the number of women that htye hera vocalizing |
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| the preverbal number concept |
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Definition
numberical categorization ; habituation method crossmodal number mathcing ordinal number concepts |
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Definition
| monkeys look longer at the screen that contains the number of mokey that htey hear vocalizing |
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Term
| summary on nonverbal numberical cognition |
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Definition
infnat have preverbalnumber concepts categorization based on number(habituation) corss modal studie(look longer at mathcing umber ordinal studies(detect reversal in ordianl direction_ addtion and subtraction(violation of expectancy nonverbal numerical skills increase with age ratio required and ordianl abilities paralleles to animal number concepts language transforms number abilities more on this later |
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Definition
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| strong core knowledge view |
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Definition
continuity infants are born with core principles and no qualitative chang eoccures in number conservation or in obmect permanence |
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Term
| more moderat vore knowledge view |
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Definition
infants come into the world withskeletal concepts these concpets become greatly enriched over developlment when leraning about soething such as support collision or occlusion infnat first form an all or none initial concepts and later elabortate their conetps |
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Definition
| heiast not used until 7.5 ms of age |
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Definition
preferencde to look at faces [refer mom's voice over other voices imitation of facial expression ointing the cognitive triagle distinction between animate and inamiate social referencing joy vs. disgust using models to make objects decsions eg new object new bhavior meltzoff forehead |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 ms old infants looked longer when the hand went to the new object int eh old place, than when it reached for the old object it had reached to before |
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Term
| attributing dispositional states |
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Definition
twelve month olds seem able like adults to attribute dispositional states infants watched a film taht adults interprets as a ball trying and fialing to getu pa hill as it is being helped by a triagle and being blocked by a square subsequently with just the three shpaes onteh screen, infants looking behavior indicated that hey expected teh ball to approached the helpful triangle while avoiding the hindering square |
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Term
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Definition
| the creative and flexibe use of symols isthe capacity that most sets humans apart from other species |
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Term
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Definition
| the understandint aht something must be represent mentally in tow ways at the same time bath as a real object ana s a symbol for something other than itself |
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Definition
things that are grouped together because they are similar concrete balls trees abstract furniture justice |
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Term
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Definition
we use concepts in everyday thinking and interacting with objects classifying objects referring ot objects in communicatiting applying our gernarl knowledge delaing wiht novel items we look for similarites to items that we alredy know about making infreences |
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Term
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Definition
categories have boundaries . an item is iether a member or not a member items mus satisfy certain condition to be withing category |
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Term
| problem with classical view |
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Definition
concepts are hard to define expalme what is a game easy to find category member tha tdo not fit eh rule dog with three legs] fincitonal cities cannot explain typicality effects; a german shepherd is better expalme of a dog than a chihuauau |
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Term
| what causes typicality effects? |
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Definition
one explanation is that poeple compare each instance to a prototype forthe category a prototype representationthat combines the average feature for that category prototypical dog has 4 legs, barks has a tail, weighs around 45 ound,is brown |
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Term
| evidence of typicality effects |
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Definition
categoreies have graded membership some member of a category are reliably rated as better memeber than others |
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Term
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Definition
when asked to make up a list of ruits, peole will more generate typical fruit earlier suggests that memory search starts with the proto type and works outward to less typical memmbers |
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Term
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Definition
proposed by elanor rosch basicl level categores are the natural level of categoriaztion not too specific not too gernal usually requires only one word may be acquired earliest by children |
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Term
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Definition
exemplar =a specific remember insance your concenpt of dog is made up of different example of dogs typical items are encourntered more frequently, so people have many more sotre representation |
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Term
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Definition
infants form categories of obejects int eh first motnsh of life perceptual categorization the groupoing toether of objects taht have similar appearnaces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
two of hte most imporant trends increasing understanidn go fcateogry hierarchies increasing undersnading of causal connections both involve knowldege of relation among categories |
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Term
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Definition
| generality is somehwere between basic and subordiante level categories |
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Term
| moethods used ot sutyd categoriation in infancy |
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Definition
visual habiutation/visual preference object examination generalized imitation sequential touching |
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Term
| debates aobut conceptual development |
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Definition
perceptual to ocnceptual coan young infants represent concepts that are not perceptual exclusive or inclusive categories |
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Term
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Definition
understanind causal relations-why objects are the way they are =helps children learn adn reemmber new catgories heraing that wugs rae well prepaied to fight and gillies to fleeped |
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Term
causual undersnatind na categorization |
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Definition
| understnaidn causual relations is crucial in fomring many categories |
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Term
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Definition
numerical equality, the realization taht all sets of N objects have something in common infantsas yougnas 6 months apppear to have such a sense of numberical equality it is not until children learn nmber words that they show precise representation of large sets |
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Term
| uderstanding of arithmetic |
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Definition
ordinal numbercial knowlege develps between 9 and 11 months wynn violation of expectancy addition and subtraction task |
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Term
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Definition
| by age 3, most children can coutnto 10 most preschoolers seem to understandthe basi cprinciples underlying counting |
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Term
| gelman and gallistel 5 non verbal counting principles |
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Definition
one to one correspondence-each object should be labled by a singler number label stable order=the number labes should be applied in a consistent order cardinality; the number of onjects int eh set corresponds the last number label applied order irrelevance: objects can be counted left to rigth , rigth to elft or in any other order abstraction-any set of discrete objects or events can be coutnecd |
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Term
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Definition
| when roger brown, a pioneer in teh study of langues developlment described this pciture as sibbing a sib or some sib, preschool children made different assumptions about hte menaing of sib |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy in while children used the grammatical strucutre of a sentence to figure out the meaning of a word |
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Term
| required competencies of learning language |
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Definition
phonological development semantic development syntatic development pragmatic development |
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Term
| required competencies for learning language |
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Definition
pragmatic development acquiring knowledge ofhow language is used which lincludes understanidn a variety of conersational conventions |
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Term
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Definition
protodeclaratives infant at the end of the first year points to and holds up object. getting attention of adult protoimperatives infant gets an adults to do something by pointing or gesturing. point to apple to get apple, |
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Term
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Definition
children use pragmatic cues aspects of the social ocntext used ofr word learning these include that adult's focus of attention and intentionality |
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Term
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Definition
develops at 11 months 3 months old infants extend index fingers rhythmically wihle making cooing sounds age at which baby first points is a good predictor atthe rate of speech acquisition more likely to point with right than left hand if object is in center of field of view |
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Term
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Definition
the extent to which cildren talk about he past increases dramatically over the preschool period parent's scaffold facts narratives |
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Definition
bablbling categorical perception perceptual narrowing |
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Term
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Definition
first words comprehension before production constraints on word leraning |
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Term
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Definition
telegraphic speech comprehension before production synatic bootstrapping overregularizatoin |
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Term
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Definition
use gaze and emotion toinfer referrent porotodeclarative/imperatives turn taking conversations |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of the kind of 26th dynasty in Egypt |
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Term
| skinner's view of language |
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Definition
operant conditioning-reinforcement from parents nothing special about language imitation |
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Term
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Definition
presents language development as a result of gradual strengthening of connections in teh neural network argues that language learning cna emerge from gerneal purpose leraning mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
maintaing that using language requires a set of higly abstract unconscious rules-a a unvieral grammar that is innate and common t all languages argues that he cognitive abilities that supports language develplment are higly specific to language |
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Term
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Definition
poverty of sitmulus argument children learn languages effortlessly and quickly universla children do not hear adults say goed and eated so not just imitation language acquisition device-unique to huams |
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Term
| evidenc eof nativist perspective |
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Definition
children create own languages creole, deaf sign lianguages |
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Term
biological babis for synatx derek bickerton |
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Definition
creole=pidgin+syntac children of pidgin speakers create creole syntax of creole different from both parent langues similar syntatic structure to all creole languages around the world |
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Term
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Definition
baba, dada between 6 and 10 months of age infants begin to babble by repeating strings of sounds comprising a consosnant followed by a vowle feedback own language sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| deaf infants follow same universla progression and show hand babbling |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of their hand movements differ from thos of infants exposed to spoken language in that their slower rhythm corresponds to the rhythmic patterning of adult sign |
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Term
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Definition
some theorists aregue that speech actually evolved from gesture deaf children not exposed to formal sign langue invent thier own signs and impose rudimentary grammar on their gestures referential gesutres cdan have a positive ffecto n the development of spoken language |
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Term
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Definition
| look at page 8 of the slides |
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Term
| evidence in faovr of nativist perspective |
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Definition
chidlren create own language creole deaf sign languages children apply grammar to improverished input |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
specialized breain areas for supporiting language language and the brain |
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Definition
language processing involves a substantial degree of unctional localization int eh brain the left hemisphere shows somespecialization for language in infancy although the degree of hemisphere specialization fo rlanguage increases with age |
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Term
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Definition
near auditory cortex i slikned to difficulties in meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| near teh motor cortex, is associated with difficulties in producing speech |
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Term
| laterilization in infancy |
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Definition
3 month olds show left angular gyurs activation to forward not backward speech 3 and 4 motnhs olds but not 2 months olds show right ear adavantage for speech discrimination babbling vs. smiling study |
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Term
| halowka and petitio , science 2002 |
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Definition
| red babble blue smiles yuellow non babbles |
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Term
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Definition
increases with age left hemispherectomy -still get normal language if done early enough |
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Term
| increase in lateralization |
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Definition
infants how different erop responses to known and unknown owrds at 13-17 months difference detwcted in both hemisphere at frontal , temporal and parietal scalp electrodes by 20 montsh restricted to left hemisphere 17 momths old infants iwth more tha 150 word vocabulary show laterliazation |
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Term
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Definition
more than half of the worlds children are exposed to more than one language childr en who are acquiring two langues do not seem to confuese them they may initially lag behind monolingual children although th e course and rate of developmetn for childrne learning one and two language are similar bilingual children perform better ona variety of cognitive test than do monolingual children hence the advatnage of acquringi two languaes outweigh the minor disadvatngatges |
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Term
| learning english as a second language |
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Definition
a major debate int eh us has centered around the bst classroom practice for children who are not yet flouent in english one side advocates immersion tino english the ohter side recommends intila instruciton in basic subjects in the native language with gradu increases int eh amount of instruciton in anglish the latter pporach can preven semilingualism-inadequate proficiency in both langues |
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Term
| problems for nativist perspective |
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Definition
vastly different grammatical systems in different languesa hard ot find concrete evidence of a universal grammar some grammar rules come late in development |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains that virutally everything about language development is influenced by its communicative funciton |
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Term
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Definition
deletion of portion of 7th chromosome low iw poor spatial and math skills but sophistacted language oriented to social word mimicking and memoriazaiton |
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Term
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Definition
a common symbolic activity for hcildren children's artitistic ideas often outstip their motoro and planning capability the most common figure for hyoung children to draw is the human figure with simplified eraly attempts and additional elements added as skill is developed |
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Term
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Definition
| a symbolic rule goverened system that is both abstract and productive |
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Term
| universal progression of language production |
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Definition
cooing 1-4 months sounds that resemble vowels babbling consonant vowel strings first words-10-15 months two word utterances-18-24 months |
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Term
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Definition
motherese/parentese the disctinctive mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children |
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Term
| required competencies for learning language |
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Definition
phonoligical development semantic development syntactic development pragmatic development |
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Term
| required competencies for leanring language |
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Definition
phonolocial development: the acquisistion f knowledge about phoneme, the elementary units of sound that distiguish meaning |
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Term
| using language involves.... |
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Definition
language comprehension; understanding what others say(or sign or write) language production; acutally speaking (or signing or writin)_ to others |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of sounds that are not physically identical but are treated by speakers of a language as identical |
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Term
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Definition
reference, associating words and meaning begins at 6 months by 10 months children in the use have comprehension of aobut 11-154 wrods |
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Term
| age changes in infants speech perception |
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Definition
infants ability to discriminate between speech soudns not int heir native language declines between 6 and 12 months of age sixe momth olds from english speaking fmailies readily discriminate between syllables in hindi and nthalkaslkdjfbut 10 to 12 month olds do no |
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Term
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Definition
phonological development the acquisition of knowledge about phonemes, teh elementary units of sound that distinguish menaing sematinc development: leraning th esystem for expressing meaning ina language, beginning iwth morphemes , the smallest unit of menaing in a language |
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Term
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Definition
first words between 10-15 months one word uutterances is referred to as the hophrstic period, because the cild typically expresses a whole phrase with a single word overextension=using a given word in a broader context than is appropriate, represents an effort to communicate despite a litmtied vocab |
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Term
| constraints on mthe enaing of new words |
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Definition
object constraint-words refer to whole objects taxonomic constraint-words refer to the basic level catgoery |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of rapidly lenraing a new wordsimply from the cnatrastive use of a familiar and unfaimliar word |
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Term
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Definition
| each object has only one label or lexical contrast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leanign teh syntax or rules for combining words |
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Term
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Definition
the strongest support the for the idea that young children are learning grammatical rules come from thei production fo word endings in overregularization, speech erros in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were reuglar |
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Term
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Definition
speech errors in which children treat iregular forms of words as if tehy were regular womans, spped, runned |
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Term
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Definition
parents play a role in children's grammatical development by modeling correct grammar and expanding incomplete utterances parents are more likey to correct factual mistakes |
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Term
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Definition
imitation after 24 hours 6 week hold infants immediate and 24 hour delay test of imitation three different behaviors modeled no oral movement mouth opening tongue protrusion at midline or tongue protrusion to the side between subject design Results infants show immediate delayed mitaton imporantce of multiple conditions not innate realzing mechanism molecular analysis of motor behavor suggested taht he behavior increasingly came to look like model over time possible impliaction for infant's mind |
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