Term
| Psychometric approach (empirical approach) |
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Definition
| collect data first then create a theory based around that |
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Term
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Definition
distinguished, life long personality traits
ex: extroverted, introverted, rational, irrational |
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Definition
| a persons characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting |
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| Frueds psychoanalytical theory |
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Definition
| childhood and unconscious sexuality based |
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Term
| humanistic approach to personality |
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Definition
| inner capacities for growth and self-fulfilment based |
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Definition
| therapy technique in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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Definition
| Frueds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to motives and conflicts |
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Definition
a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories of which we are unaware
-some of this=stored in preconscious area
-also known as the Id |
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Term
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Definition
the unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
-operates on the pleasure principal |
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Term
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Definition
mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality
-reality principal=finds ways of realistically bringing pleasure |
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Definition
the conscious-it considers the real and ideal
-is involved in judging |
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Definition
| the id's pleasure seeking stages focused on pleasure areas or erogenous zones |
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Definition
| boys sexually desire their mothers and have fear/jealousy towards their fathers |
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Definition
children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos.
-provides gender identity |
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Definition
| aligning the focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual age with unresolved conflicts |
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Definition
tactics to reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality
ex: repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, denial, displacement |
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Definition
| repressing memories for protection |
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Definition
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Definition
| the ego makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites |
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Definition
| disguises impulses by attributing them to others |
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Definition
| working through it using logic |
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Definition
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Definition
| displacing the target to a more vulnerable target of feelings |
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Definition
| Jung's concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memories from our species history as a result of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| tests designed to trigger projections of one' inner dynamic |
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Term
| Thematic apperception Test |
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Definition
| Muray-ppl view ambiguous pictures then make up stories about that scene |
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Term
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Definition
| it is said his tests are unreliable and not valid |
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Term
| Does, if any, evidence of repression actually exist? |
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Definition
| no, but evidence of memory damage from extreme childhood stress does |
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Term
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Definition
| explores ppls behaviors and emotional responses to reminders of their impending deaths |
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Term
| Problems with Freud's theory |
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Definition
-it rests on a few observed objectives
-offers few testable hypothesis
-offers after the fact explanations, no predictions |
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Definition
| hierarchy of needs-we ultimately seek self actualization |
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Definition
| the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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Definition
agreed with Maslow
-says we must mature our growth by being genuine, accepting and empathetic |
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Term
| unconditional emotional regard |
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Definition
| an attitude of total acceptance towards another person |
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Definition
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question "who am i?" |
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Definition
| people's characteristic behaviors and conscious motives |
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Term
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Definition
| questionnaires in which peoples responses gage a wide range of feelings and behavs used to assess personality traits |
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Term
| Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory |
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Definition
most widely researched and used personality test
-was originally developed to identify disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| a test developed by testing a pool of items then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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Term
| 5 factors that predict personality |
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Definition
| conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion |
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Term
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Definition
organized vs. unorganized
careful vs. careless
disciplined vs. impulsive |
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Definition
softhearted vs. ruthless
trusting vs. untrusting
helpful vs. not |
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Definition
| calm, secure, self-satisified? |
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Definition
| imaginative, variety of likes, independent |
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Term
True or False
As people grow older, traits become more stabilized but interests change? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social cognitive perspective |
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Definition
behavior=influenced by interaction of people's traits and their social contexts
-we learn through condition, observing and modeling |
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Term
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Definition
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and one's environment
-we are both products and architects of our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| the belief that chance determines one's fate |
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Term
| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| the belief that people control their own destinies |
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Term
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Definition
| passive resignation learned when one is unable to avoid repeated averse events |
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Term
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Definition
-there are health benefits
-but too much can make us blind, we need a balance |
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Term
| the social cognitive perspective focuses so much on the _________________ that it fails to appreciate a person's ______________ |
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Definition
| environment; inner traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of the personality-the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and action |
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Term
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Definition
| when we overestimate others' noticing/evaluating of us |
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Definition
the feelings of high/low self worth
-most ppl see themselves as better than average |
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Term
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Definition
| deviant, stressful, dysfunctional behav patterns that interfere with daily life |
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Term
| standard for deviance varies with ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| appears at age 7 with either extreme inattention , hyperactivity or impulsivity |
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Definition
| the concept that disease and psychological disorders have a physiological basis and can be treated |
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Definition
text revision-a system for classification of disorders
-there is much criticism |
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Definition
| characterized by persistent, maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| if you are continuously tensed, nervous or aroused |
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Definition
| panic attacks that are unpredictable |
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Definition
| persistent irrational fears and avoidances |
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Definition
| unwanted repetitive behavior that interferes with everyday life |
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Definition
| haunting memories, nightmares, thoughts, insomnia |
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Definition
| the opposite of PTSD in light of extremely challenging circumstances |
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Definition
| symptoms take a bodily form without an apparent physical cause |
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Definition
| person experiences a very specific genuine physical symptom(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl interpret normal sensations as symptoms of a dreaded disease |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings |
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Term
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
person exhibits two or more distinct, alternating personalities
-usually a good and a bad one
-could these be B.S.? |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by emotional extremes |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| 2+ weeks of feeling worthless with a diminished interest in pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by a widely optimistic state |
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Definition
goes from depressed to extreme mania
-"what goes up must come down" |
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Term
| Characteristics of Depression |
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Definition
-is widespread
-women = 2x more likely than men-they internalize more
-most major depressive disorders terminate
-causes=stress, work, marriage, kids, assault
-w/ each generation depression is becoming more prevalent |
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Term
| Biological Approach to Mood Disorders |
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Definition
-genetic predisposition
-left frontal lobe=more inactive when depressed
-hippocampus=vulnerable to stress damage
-norepinephrine/serotonin are involved |
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Term
| Cognitive Approach to Mood Disorders |
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Definition
-learned helplessness
-the rise in individualism and internalistic thinking
-depression is a self-perpetuating cycle |
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Term
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Definition
means "split mind"
disorganized/delusional thinking, disturbed perception or inappropriate emotions or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| false beliefs and a breakdown of selective attention |
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Term
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Definition
-strikes young, maturing people
-is a cluster of disorders
-positive symptoms=presence of; negative symptoms=absence |
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Term
| Biological approach to Schizophrenia |
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Definition
-dopamine hypothesis-extremely high levels
-glutamate
-abnormal frontal lobe activity
-mid pregnancy maternal virus
-genetic predisposition |
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Term
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Definition
| inflexible, enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
lack of conscience of wrong doing towards all, may become aggressive or ruthless
-genetic predis
-frontal lobes
-childhood abuse |
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Term
| poverty is a useful predictor of _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the 5 big personality factors are good predictors of what? |
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Definition
| mental disorders and jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| inferiority complex-child struggles to be superior |
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Term
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Definition
| Frued's supporter-believed in the unconscious and that this was the dynamic central processor |
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Term
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Definition
focuses studying more positive, healthy, high quality people
-treating people more like machines that need certain things to function-Skinner |
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Term
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Definition
| says the therapist's job is not to tell you what to do but to help you make your own discoveries |
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Term
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Definition
1.goal oriented
2.Mr Rogers
3.Off the Wall Coach
4.Lowly attentive |
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Term
True or False?
Frued attests that the Id is animalistic |
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Definition
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Term
| Frued's stages of development |
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Definition
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of development in which focus is centered on the mouth, breast feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| Toilet training-control of ones own body fighting conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically, how the id is gratified determined at that time |
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Term
| Phallic Stage(3-6 years old) |
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Definition
the immature sexual curiosity
-dont get along with authority figures |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| puberty-pleasure for the id or sublimation (a defense mechanism) in which intimate relationships are formed |
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Term
| important about the stages |
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Definition
| if one doesnt move from a stage and fixates on it, this will lead to problems, neurotics, anxieties later in life |
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Term
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Definition
| happens without us knowing it and is a defense mechanism |
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Term
| Frued says that the ability to have a happy life is determined when? |
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Definition
| in the first year of life-very deterministic |
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Term
| the inner conflict is between what parts of Freud's theory? |
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Definition
the Id libido and the superego
-unsuccessful resolution of this conflict leads to psychopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| using a blend of different therapy techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment involving psychological techniques |
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Term
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Definition
Freud's/therapist's interpretations of free association, dreams etc
-point it to release repressed feelings and emphasizes the power of childhood experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the blocking from consciousness anxiety-laden material |
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Term
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Definition
| noting supposed meaning/other significant behaviors in order to promote insight |
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Term
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Definition
| patients transfer to analyst other linked emotions related to other relationships/experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy derived from psychoanalytical traditional views of individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood for insight |
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Term
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Definition
therapies aimed to improve psychological functioning by increasing the clients awareness of underlying motives
-focuses on present and future and growth |
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Term
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Definition
| humanistic therapy- actively, genuinely listening and accepting in an empathetic environment promotes growth |
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Term
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Definition
| echoing back, restating and clarifying what client says |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| have a caring, accepting and nonjudgemental attitude leads to self-awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| applies the learning principals to eliminating unwanted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| pairs the trigger and the stimulus while evoking a positive response to stimulates that trigger unwanted behavior |
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Term
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Definition
1. systematic desensitization-associates pleasant feelings w/ a gradual increase in the anxiety stimulus
2. Virtual reality exposure-progressively exposes them to their greatest fears virtually
3. aversive conditioning-negative response to a positive sim to eliminate behav ex bitter nail lacre |
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Term
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Definition
operant conditioning-
receive a reward for positive behavior and exchange it for privileges or treats
but-will ppl become dependent on these/is it too controlling? |
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Term
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Definition
| teaches people more adaptive ways of thinking/acting |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of cognitive therapy in which one changes self-defeating thinking with behavior therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| saves time and money, usually is no less effective than individual therapy and lets u know youre not alone |
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Term
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Definition
| treats families as a system-views individual unwanted behavior as influenced by or directed at other fam members |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
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Term
| conclusion about effectiveness of therapies: |
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Definition
those not undergoing therapy often improve but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve
*the more specific the problem, the more hope for successful treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical decision making that integrates the best available resources with clinical expertise and patient characteristics/preferences?? |
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Term
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing |
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Definition
| pretty effective-distract yourself from bad thoughts by rapidly moving your eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| helps reduce SAD symptoms |
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Term
| Commonalities among psychotherapies |
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Definition
-hope for demoralized people
-offers new perspectives
-an empathetic, trusting environment creates a therapeutic alliance |
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Term
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Definition
| prescribed medication/procedures that change the brain's functioning by physically altering it |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of drugs on brain therapy |
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Term
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Definition
used to treat schizo and severe disorders
-can result in tardive dyskinsea |
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Term
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Definition
| the involuntary movement of facial muscles, tongue etc and a possible side effect of many anti-psychotic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
used to control anxiety and agitation
-can result in psychological dependence |
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Term
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Definition
used to treat depression and anxiety
-this drug effect is not that much greater than the placebo effect |
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Term
| What is an example of a mood stabilizing drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| electroconclusive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
sending a brief electric current through the brain
-very effective for anxiety and depression |
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Term
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| repeated pulses of magnetic energy applied to the brain to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
surgery that removes/destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
ex: lobotomy Moniz 1930 |
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Definition
| have feelings for/identifying with your captors |
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Term
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Definition
| penis envy in women-girls blame their moms for this and dont forgive them |
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Term
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Definition
A "neo-fruedian" using psychoanalysis too
-developmental theorist
-emphasized the ego in terms of changing and understanding behavior
-says that the ego is conscious |
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Term
| Erikson's developmental theory |
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Definition
| Psychosocial-changes in the social world drives behavior of development (5 stages) |
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Term
Stage 1 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Trust vs. Mistrust between you and your mother
-how does her behavior in caring for you in your first year effect you? |
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Term
Stage 2 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Age of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(age 2-3)
when you are asked to give up autonomy for the first time-not in charge of yourself anymore
takes away your control
we want our kids to have a good sense of control
autonomy=authority |
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Term
Stage 3 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Initiative vs. Guilt
weather or not the child is encouraged to show initiative-harbors its sense of purpose
if it is punished showing initiative it develops a sense of guilt |
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Term
Stage 4 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Industry vs. Inferiority
age 6-12
if adults support child's efforts competency develops
if not then inferiority develops |
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Term
Stage 5 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Identity vs. Role confusion
ages 13-19
teens try to develop identity going through identity crisis in which they try on different ones
if this is resolved they develop fidelity
if not they develop identity diffusion |
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Term
Stage 6 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Intimacy vs. Isolation
the ability to be lose, intimate and vulnerable in romances and relationships
ability to do so results in love
disability results in promiscuity or exclusion |
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Term
Stage 7 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Generosity vs. Stagnation
you either care about the next generation or you dont and are selfish, not caring |
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Term
Stage 8 of Development
(according to Erikson) |
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Definition
Ego Integrity vs. Dispair
either coming to terms with your life's failures and successes or not |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory events that are severe and identifiable distortions of reality |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when you believe that the people around you are all impostors of everyone you know |
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Term
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Definition
borderline schizo-"there are people out to get me"
-deep down they know certain things arent true |
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Term
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Definition
| has more hallucinations than anything else |
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