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Psych Test Ch.7
Learning
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2009

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Term
learning
Definition
relatively permanent change in organisms behavior due to experience
Term
associative learning
Definition
learning that certain events occur together
Term
conditioning
Definition
the process of learning associations
Term
behaviorism
Definition
believe that psychology should study only observable, objective behavior
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
learning to associate stimuli
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition
stimulus that automatically produces a response (unlearned) (food)
Term
Unconditioned response (UR)
Definition
automatic response to a stimulus (unlearned) (salivation to food)
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
originally neutral stimulus that comes to produce a conditioned response (learned) (bell, noise)
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
learned response to previously neutral stimulus (learned) (salivation to the bell, noise)
Term
Psychologists associated with classical conditioning
Definition
Pavlov and Watson
Term
generalization
Definition
learned association generalized to other similar stimuli (scared of white rat now scared of white bunny and santa)
Term
discrimination
Definition
learned ability to distinguish b/w CS and other stimuli
Term
extinction
Definition
the diminished responding that occurs with the CS (tone) no longer signals an impending US (food)
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
associate a response with a consequence. act according the reward or punishment
Term
law of effect
Definition
rewarded behaviors are more likely to occur and unrewarded behaviors are less likely to occur.
Term
psychologist associated with operant conditioning
Definition
skinner
Term
Classical vs. Operant
Definition
both have acquisition, generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery. classical have automatic behaviors and operant has chosen behaviors. classical associates 2 stimuli and operant has behaviors and consequences.
Term
shaping
Definition
procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide behavior toward desired actions (teaching a dog tricks)
Term
reinforcement
Definition
a stimulus that increases the likelihood of the prior response.
Term
punishment
Definition
a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of the prior response
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
giving a desirable stimulus
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
removing a undesirable stimulus
Term
positive punishment
Definition
getting a undesirable stimulus (speed ticket, spank, electric shock)
Term
negative punishment
Definition
removing a desirable stimulus (privileged taken away, grounded)
Term
primary reinforcers
Definition
things we need, food, water, naturally satisfying things.
Term
secondary reinforcers
Definition
everything else that we don't really need, money, praise, hugs, etc.
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
reinforce every time. Do something, get reinforced.
Term
partial reinforcement
Definition
not every time, just sometimes
Term
Fixed ratio
Definition
reinforcement after certain number of response (every 5 cars sell, get bonus)
Term
variable ratio
Definition
reinforcement after changing or varying number of responses (catch fish randomly)
Term
fixed interval
Definition
reinforcement after certain length of time (paid every 2 weeks)
Term
variable interval
Definition
reinforcement after changing length of time (checking ebay account, have something there)
Term
latent learning
Definition
learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it
Term
why be careful with reinforcement and punishment
Definition
watch what you reinforce, rewards may decrease interest, punishment may teach discrimination
Term
observational learning
Definition
learn by observing
Term
modeling
Definition
observing and imitating behavior
Term
psychologist associated with observational learning
Definition
bandura
Term
mirror neurons
Definition
fire when doing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable IMITATION and empathy.
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