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| In the aftermath of tragedies like the Oklahoma City bombing, psychologists are particularly careful to monitor people for symptoms of ________ disorders. |
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| In ________ type schizophrenia, the patient is free from major positive symptoms but shows minor positive symptoms or negative symptoms such as flat emotion. |
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| It may be a mistake to label psychological disorders as deviant because |
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| b. about 50% of young and middle-aged adults in the United States have suffered from some mental disorder. |
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| Lisa always has to be the center of attention. When she is not the center of attention, she will often do something overly dramatic or emotional to regain that spot. You might suspect that Lisa suffers from ________ personality disorder. |
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| Luis will not visit other people’s homes because he fears that they may not have searched carefully enough to make sure there are no spiders on the premises. It sounds like Luis suffers from |
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| You are sent the medical records for a woman who has been admitted to a psychological treatment center. Unfortunately, the record fails to mention the diagnosis. You need to find the patient, so your first guess is to call the unit in which patients with ________ are treated. |
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| The first scholar to create a comprehensive classification system for psychological disorders was |
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| ________ theories suggest that phobias are maintained by the reduction in anxiety that occurs when a person withdraws from the feared situation. |
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| Researchers have found a pattern of bipolar disorder among members of the Amish community in Pennsylvania. This suggests that ________ contribute(s) to the incidence of mood disorders. |
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| Which of the following is NOT an appropriate conclusion from research on biological aspects of schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| d. The risk of schizophrenia does not change when more than one parent has suffered from the disorder. |
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| With respect to the criteria that might be used to label behavior as “abnormal,” an individual who “sees” things that do not exist in objective reality would be meeting the criterion of |
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| Raphael has been unable to get a job because he is terrified of job interviews. He is able to function just fine in non-interview settings. The criterion for abnormality that Raphael’s behavior meets is |
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| People who suffer from schizophrenia often experience hallucinations or delusions. Hallucinations are ________, whereas delusions are ________. |
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Definition
| a. false sensory experiences; irrational beliefs |
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| You have been asked to give a lecture on dissociative identity disorder (DID). One of the facts you are likely to mention is that |
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Definition
| b. almost all people who experience DID report physical or sexual abuse. |
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| Aaron Beck’s cognitive triad of depression does NOT include negative views of |
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| After attempting to assassinate U.S. president Ronald Reagan, John Hinckley was found “not guilty by virtue of insanity.” The jury believed that Hinckley |
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Definition
| b. did not know that what he was doing was wrong. |
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| You have just heard a news story about the rate of suicide among adolescents in the United States. One fact you are likely to have heard is that |
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Definition
| b. gay and lesbian youths are more likely to commit suicide then are heterosexual youths. |
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| In ancient times, mental illness was often interpreted as |
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| You are a clinician using the DSM-IV-TR classification system. If one of your clients were mentally retarded, you would code that on |
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| Family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies have shown that persons related to someone who has had schizophrenia are more likely to develop schizophrenia than those who are not related. This evidence highlights the importance of ________ as a possible cause of schizophrenia. |
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| Dr. Wunsche typifies the viewpoint of current researchers who are attempting to understand psychopathology. It is most likely that Dr. Wunsche’s perspective can be classified as |
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Definition
| d. an interaction of theories. |
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Term
| Traveling back once again in your time machine, you find yourself in a lecture hall listening to one of the first presentations by Sigmund Freud on the etiology of psychological disorders. You are one of the few people in the room who anticipates Freud’s suggestion that psychological disorders are the result of |
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Definition
| b. early childhood experiences. |
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Term
| A person with anxiety sensitivity is more likely to agree with which of the following statements? |
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Definition
| c. “When I feel pain in my lower neck, I fear I may be having a heart attack.” |
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| Aware of the importance of explanatory style in predicting depression, you have begun to listen to comments that your classmates make when they receive bad grades on tests. Which of the following explanations would be most likely to be associated with depression? |
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Definition
| a. “I’m stupid and I’ll never succeed at anything.” |
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| Oscar suffers from depression. You can surmise that |
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Definition
| c. he finds it difficult to remember anything happy about his life. |
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| Cliff appears not to like people. He won’t go to parties, doesn’t eat out, refuses to use public transportation, and seems irrationally afraid of all of these situations. If you were to diagnose Cliff’s problem, you would say that he has |
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Definition
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| Which of these is NOT one of the goals of classification of psychological disorders? |
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Definition
| b. Explaining the stigma of mental illness. |
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| You are a clinician using the DSM-IV-TR classification system. If one of your clients was experiencing a high level of environmental stressors, you would note them on |
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Definition
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Term
| “Mental illness is a myth. In fact, the symptoms used as evidence for mental illness are nothing more than labels used in an attempt to justify and sanction professional intervention.” The individual most likely to have made this statement is |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the theory of ________, depressed people have three types of negative cognitions, called the “cognitive triad” of depression. |
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Definition
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| People who know Carl say that he can be kind and gentle one moment and fly into a rage in the next. Carl may be considered abnormal when the ________ criterion of abnormality is used. |
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| Sarah feels she deserves the best that life has to offer and that she is uniquely worthy of living a life of luxury. When her friends chastise her for her opinions, she dismisses them by stating their opinions matter very little. The personality disorder that most closely matches Sarah’s pattern of responses is |
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Definition
| c. narcissistic personality disorder. |
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Term
| Susan Nolen-Hoeksema suggested that sex differences in the incidence of depression are related to |
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Definition
| b. biological differences between the sexes. |
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Term
| In their explanations of the etiology of psychopathology, behavioral theorists are more likely than psychodynamic theorists to focus on |
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Definition
| a. the present rather than the past. |
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Term
| Although she seemed depressed last week, today Dianne feels unusually elated and believes that she has insider knowledge about financial deals that will make her a billionaire overnight. Additionally, she has little need for sleep. Dianne’s symptoms are most similar to those found in |
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Definition
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Term
| When Dr. Flowers, a behavioral therapist, tries to develop an explanation for Jim’s adult fear of dogs of all sizes, she is most likely to look for an explanation that focuses on |
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Definition
| c. a frightening experience that Jim has had involving a dog. |
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Term
| Marnie is suffering from dissociative amnesia. You can surmise that she |
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Definition
| b. may have experienced some form of psychological trauma. |
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Term
| One of the findings of the National Comorbidity Study was that |
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Definition
| b. people who have experienced one disorder often experience others in their lifetimes. |
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Term
| Because she believes that she is a famous pop star known for her hypersexuality, a patient of Dr. Strange is plagued by uncontrollable sexual thoughts and images. This is an example of a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppose that someone you know has been talking to you about committing suicide. He seems distressed and has written to his friends about his intentions. It would make most sense if you |
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Definition
| a. take him seriously and try to get him immediate professional help. |
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Term
| Which of the following appears to be responsible for schizophrenia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an axis of the DSM-IV-TR? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the more common symptoms of schizophrenia may be |
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Definition
| a. auditory hallucinations. |
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Term
| Marge feels hopeless, helpless and lethargic. She’s had these episodes in the past but this time is worse. She can’t sleep yet doesn’t want to get out of bed. She is likely suffering from |
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Definition
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Term
| A person fears public situations because they are afraid of being judged. This is known as _________ phobia. |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of the ways in which thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motives, and behavior are influenced by interactions between people is known as ________________ psychology. |
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Definition
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Term
| You are working as the campaign manager for Greta Wurz in her congressional race against Polly Badd (who currently holds the position). If you want to get people to shift their support from Badd to Wurz, you might pay Badd supporters ________ to tell you what they ________ about her. |
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Definition
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Term
| Just as professional psychologists make causal attributions, Fritz Heider suggested we are all ___________ psychologists. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a social psychology lecture, the professor tells you a story about a time she was invited to a birthday party by a friend. Her car broke down along the way so she never got to the party. Since that time, her ex-friend always tells people that she is “very unreliable.” Your professor’s story is an example of ________ at work. |
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Definition
| d. the fundamental attribution error |
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Term
| You are trying to decide whether to get a $200 VCR or a $300 VCR. While you are trying to make up your mind, the salesperson points to the $300 VCR and says, “If you buy the better model, I’ll give you a free three-pack of blank video tapes.” This salesperson is acquainted with the use of ________ as a marketing technique. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you’d like to increase the probability of persuading a friend based on cognitive-based arguments, then you should avoid topics |
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Definition
| c. that are affect-based. |
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Term
| You want people to drink a new brand of coffee. You’re best off using a ________ based ad. |
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Definition
| c. elaboration-likelihood |
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Term
| Your friend Sadie has invited you to a party. Unknown to you, Sadie has told all the other guests that you are painfully shy and introverted. You stay at the party for about an hour. Is it likely that the other guests will still believe you to be introverted at the end of the hour? |
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Definition
| b. Yes—if you have a weak conception of yourself as outgoing. |
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Term
| Which of these statements shows the effect of a self-serving bias? |
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Definition
| b. “I would’ve caught that ball if the field hadn’t been so muddy.” |
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Term
| In determining how best to promote water conservation, we can assume that students will follow the desired pattern of water use |
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Definition
| a. when the persuasive statements match the students optimal time of day. |
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Term
| When Jane is asked her opinion about regulating smoking on campus, she voices an extensive opinion almost immediately. You can predict that her attitude about regulating smoking on campus will be a good predictor of her actual behavior according to the _________ criterion of attitude-behavior consistency. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following questions will best allow you to predict whether someone will stay in a loving relationship? |
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Definition
| b. Are your important needs being satisfied? |
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Term
| Professor Miles is interested in the process by which people come to understand and categorize the behavior of others. When she is looking for a new job, Professor Miles should probably indicate on her resumé that her field of specialization is |
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Definition
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Term
| Elliot Aronson and his colleagues developed a program to deal with prejudice in fifth-grade students. Based on the Robbers Cave philosophy, a technique called ________ forces children to ________. |
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Definition
| d. jigsawing; compete against one another |
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Term
| Social psychology experiments on the nature of prejudice and the process of social categorization have shown that when “in groups” are established, |
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Definition
| b. bias toward the out-group forms almost instantly. |
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Term
| A citizen of the former East Germany believes that Poles and Turks are a financial drain on the society because they take jobs and work away from Germans. This attitude is most likely based on |
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Definition
| c. a learned prejudice based on historical conflict between the various groups. |
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Term
| The definition of prejudice does NOT suggest that prejudice |
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Definition
| c. involves stereotypical beliefs that justify the attitude. |
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Term
| Someone who scored high on the ________ would endorse the statement “When I meet someone I tend to notice similarities between myself and the other person.” |
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Definition
| a. universal orientation scale. |
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Term
| Karl believes that if it weren’t for illegal immigrants taking work away from American citizens, the American economy would be in much better shape. Ken believes illegal immigrants are part of the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| c. produce behavioral confirmations. |
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Term
| How powerful are the forces of behavioral confirmation? |
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Definition
| c. It depends on the availability of accurate information from the environment and the extent to which the observer finds that information reliable. |
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Term
| When you answer the telephone, you are asked to make a minimal contribution to your school alumni fund. You agree to the requested amount. The next year, the amount that is requested is much larger. This is similar to the sales technique known as |
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Definition
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Term
| When Fritz Heider suggested that all people are “intuitive psychologists,” he was expressing his belief that people |
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Definition
| b. try to figure others out and what causes their behavior. |
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Term
| In the context of adult attachment style, if you are like the majority of people, you are most likely to agree with which of the following statements? |
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Definition
| c. I find it relatively easy to get close to others I am in close proximity to, and am comfortable depending on them. |
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Term
| When Sarita scores goals for her soccer team, she takes the credit, saying she did well because she has a “gift” for scoring. When she does not score any goals, however, she blames her teammates for not passing her the ball or the opposition players for dirty tackling. Sarita is demonstrating |
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Definition
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Term
| A group of researchers is interested in people’s attitudes about recycling in their region. Which of the following levels of questions that the researchers may ask will yield the highest correlation between people’s attitudes and their actual behaviors? |
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Definition
| d. Attitudes toward recycling in the United States. |
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Term
| One can hold attitudes about |
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Definition
| d. people, objects, and ideas. |
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Term
| Many of today’s critics claim that much of political advertising focuses on style and image, but not on substance and factual information. Social psychologists who conduct research on attitude change would say that today’s political ads emphasize the |
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Definition
| d. peripheral route to persuasion. |
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Term
| Dick and Didi have been involved in a loving relationship for a few months. Ralph and Alice have been involved for many years. Dick and Didi’s relationship is more likely to be characterized as ________ love; Ralph and Alice’s relationship is more likely to be called ________ love. |
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Definition
| d. passionate; companionate |
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Term
| In the experiment by Robert Rosenthal that was described in the textbook, elementary school teachers were led to believe that some of their pupils were “academic spurters” who would show unusual gains during the academic year. The outcome of this study demonstrated the importance of |
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Definition
| b. self-fulfilling prophecies. |
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Term
| Tina likes Ted. If we are like most people, we will infer that Ted has the same feelings for Tina based on the idea of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following people will be most motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance? |
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Definition
| a. Edie, who decided at the last minute to go to a movie she initially didn’t want to see. |
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Term
| Which of these is NOT one of the dimensions of love? |
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Definition
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Term
| “If you ask me, I think liberals are losing touch with the majority of the population.” This attitude reflects |
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Definition
| b. a cognitive experience. |
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Term
| One day your sister comes home from school very happy. She received an A on her geography test. In applying the covariation principle to understand the cause of her good grade, the “consensus” dimension refers to whether |
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Definition
| c. most other people taking the test also received As. |
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Term
| At your school’s basketball game your team loses badly. The other team plays roughly, racking up penalties and injuring your guys. You come to understand and categorize the behavior of others due to |
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Definition
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Term
| Kelly suggested we make judgments according to all of the following principles EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| When given a choice between a situational or dispositional attribution for other’s behavior, people tend to assume dispositional causes. This is known as the |
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Definition
| d. fundamental attribution error |
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Term
| Due to the _____________, people tend to take credit for their successes and deny responsibility for their failures. |
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Definition
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Term
| The play Pygmalion and later the musical My Fair Lady is a great example of the |
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Definition
| c. self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
| Attitudes consist of the following components EXCEPT: |
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Definition
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Term
| If you wanted to deliberately change someone’s attitude you would use |
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Definition
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Term
| Which theory says that it is the tension producing effects of incongruous cognitions that motivates us to reduce tension? |
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Definition
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Term
| One phenomenon that arises from the reciprocity norm is the ___________________ technique. |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are elements of social categorization EXCEPT: |
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Definition
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