Term
| Historical background for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) |
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Definition
-one of several Pervasive Developmental Disorders
-referred to as being on the autistic spectrum
-previously lumped together w/ chdhood onset schizophrenia--now recognized as separate biologically based dev disorder |
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Term
| How was Leo Kanner right...and wrong? |
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Definition
-Coined the term infantile autism in 1943
-as a result of an inborn inability to relate to and love others
-described parents as cold, unloving, detached "refrigerator parents"
-precipitated by parent's wish that the child... |
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Term
| Differences that can be seen among children all diagnosed on the Autism spectrum |
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Definition
1. Intellectual ability-all IQ scores represented
2. Language problems-range of severity of difficulties. mute-functional.
3. Behavior-changes w/ age |
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Term
| DSM criteria 1: Qualitative impairment in social interaction |
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Definition
-marked by impairment in the use of multiple...
-failture to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
-a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements w/ other people
-lack of social or emotional reciprocity |
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Term
| Social impairments/ deficits |
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Definition
| social imitation, make-believe play, social expressiveness, orienting to social stimuli, responsiveness to others, processing emotional info or sharing emotions w/ others, joint social attn, ability to see others as social agents. |
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Term
| DSM criteria 2: Qualitative impairment in communication |
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Definition
-delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language
-Impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a convo w/ others
-stereotyped & repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language
-lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level |
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Term
| Communication impairments/deficits |
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Definition
-inability to use protodeclarative and protoimperative gestures
-lacks development of useful language (50%)
-does not use qualitatively appropriate forms of communication
-lacks understanding of language pragmatics
inability to communicate emotion and engage in narrative discourse
ex: tell you about their day |
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Term
| DSM criteria 3: Restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests & activites |
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Definition
-preoccupation w/ one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal in intensity & focus
-apparently inflexible adherence to specific nonfunctional routines & rituals
-stereotyped & repetitive motor mannerisms
-persistent preoccupation w/ parts or objects |
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Term
| How does IQ manifest in ASDs? |
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Definition
-70% of children autism have mental retardation
-25% have splinter skills
-5% hav e savant skills |
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Term
Sensation and perception
-autism |
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Definition
-over/undersensitivities or to certain stimuli
-impairments in mixing across sensory modalities
-tendency to focus on certain types of sensory input over others
-selective focus on one feature while ignoring other equally important features |
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Term
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Definition
-social-emotional info processing deficits..difficulty understanding social situations
-theory of mind:dont undersatnd that ppl have diff pts of view (everyone knows what they know)
-general deficits: deficits in executive functioning..tendency to process info in bits and pieces rather than looking at the big picture |
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Term
physical appearance
-autism |
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Definition
-25% of ppl w/ autism develop epilepsy in early adulthood
-20% of ppl w/ autism have larger-than-normal head size |
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Term
| How does family stress play into ASDs |
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Definition
-stress of caring for ppl w/ autism
-social isolation & ostracism
-guilt |
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Term
| What are some comorbidities of ASDs |
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Definition
| mental retardation, epilepsy, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, anxiety, mood problems, self-injurious behavior |
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Term
| How are ASDs measured/diagnosed |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the prevalence of ASDs on the rise |
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Definition
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Term
Causes of ASDs
-early development |
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Definition
-health problems
-premature birth
-bleeding during pregnancy
-blood poisoning
-viral infection/exposure
-lack of vigor after birth seen in 25% of children |
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Term
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Definition
-specific genes not yet identified
-chromosomes 2,7,13,15
-relatives w/o autism have higher rates of social, language, & cognitive deficits, just less severe |
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Term
Causes of ASDs
-brain abnormalities |
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Definition
-elevated rates of epilepsy and EEG abnormalities
-cortical and subcortical regions of the brain
-and a bunch of other abnormalities |
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Term
| Research on vaccines and autism |
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Definition
| -research says vaccines dont cause autism |
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Term
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Definition
-maximizing the child's potential & helping family to cope
-low functioning chd:eliminating harmful/destructive behaviors, teaching self-help skills, rule compliance, social/emotional regulation, communication of needs & appropriate play.
-high functioning chd:language fluency, age appropriate social interactions, behaviors/skills expected in classroom
-highly structured & tailored to the individual
-appropriate communication: operant speech or sign language training |
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Term
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Definition
-characterized by difficulties in social interaction & unusual interests and behaviors, but relatively intact cognitive and communication skills
-higher verbal abilities, less language delay, and more interest in social contact
-brain abnormalities appear to be less severe
-mostly affects boys |
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Term
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Definition
-severe neurological dev disorder:deceleration of head growth, loss of purposeful hand skills, loss of social engagement, poorly coordinated gait and trunk movements, severely impaired language, severe psychomotor retardation
-mostly affects girls: located on X chromosome
-long-term prognosis is poor |
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Term
| Childhood Disintegrative Disorder |
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Definition
-characterized by significant loss of previously acquired language, social skills, & adaptive behavior
-occurs prior to age 10 & follows a period of normal dev
-show losses in 2 of the following areas: expressive/receptive language, social skills/adaptive behavior, bowel/bladder control, play or motor skills
-abnormalities in 2 of the 3 areas associated w/ other ASDs
-very rare |
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Term
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Definition
-main features (DSM):delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
-need 2 symptoms for 6 mos, or 1 symptom if delusions are bizare or hallucinations severe |
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Term
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Definition
-generally maifests in early adulthood 20-25 yrs
-less than 1 in 10,000 chd under 12
-twice as common in boys than girls
-no poverty status difference
-prevalence rates were higher before bc kids were misdiagnosed--probably had autism or other PDD |
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Term
| how is SZ different from pervasive developmental disorder |
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Definition
-later: in 90% of chd w/ SZ, onset is gradual
-less severe social and language deficits
-hallucinations and delusions as the child gets older
-periods of....
-less... |
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Term
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Definition
-70% of chd w/ SZ meet criteria for another disorder
-usually ODD/CD or a mood disorder |
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Term
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Definition
1.vulnerability-stress model:aka stress/diathesis model
2.biological factors:chdhood onset SZ is highly genetic; chdhood onset is more severe than adult onset
3.environmental factors:"disturbed" parent, economic distress, broken home--slightly higher rates of SZ depending on environment |
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Term
| How is SZ treated/prognosis |
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Definition
-long-term outcomes are poor:getting better all the time
-antipsychotic meds combined w/ psychotherapy, social, and educational support--not many controlled studies |
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Term
| learning disability, learning disorder, communication disorder |
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Definition
1.learning disability-includes learning disorder and communication disorder
2.learning disorder-specific problems in reading, math and/or writing
3.communication disorder-difficulty in producing speech, speech fluency, using speech to communicate, and understanding speech |
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Term
learning disability
-problems mastering one of the following.. |
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Definition
| listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, mathematics |
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Term
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Definition
1.children approach learning in different ways
2.educational methods used should be tailored to each child's strengths and weaknesses
3.teaching methods should strengthen strengths rather than emphasize weaknesses |
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Term
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Definition
| basic sounds that make up language |
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Term
| auditory maps and relation to language development |
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Definition
-detectable by age 6 mos; in place by age 1 yr
-implications for learning a second language--harder if hardwiring isnt in brain; easier to learn language w/ similar phonemes. Learning to play music helps language also |
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Term
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Definition
-making the connection bt sounds and letters
-detecting rhyme & alliteration
-manipulating the sound of language
-20% who dont have PA will have reading problems |
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Term
| Expressive Language Disorder |
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Definition
-deficits in expression despite normal comprehension
-same developmental pathway, different rates of mastery--slower |
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Term
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Definition
-trouble controlling rate and/or atriculatioin of speech--wabbit instead of rabbit
-normal in preschool--after you should worry |
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Term
| Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder |
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Definition
-speaking problems and difficulty understanding speech
-children can appear inattentive and/or noncompliant--easily misdiagnosed
-ex: visiting a foreign country |
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Term
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Definition
| -repeated and prolonged pronunciation of certain syllables that interferes w/ communication |
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Term
prevalence and course
(not including stuttering) |
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Definition
-common in early preschool (10%)
-2-3% by age 7
-by late teens, almost all issues have resolved themselves (50% fully resolved)
-twice as common in boys than girls--but boys are referred more
-more negative behaviors & lower social skills |
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Term
causes
-not including stuttering |
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Definition
-genetics: 50-75% have positive family history
-neurobiological: problems in functional connections bt brain areas (not 1 specific)
-middle ear infections when less than 1 yr old.. easier to cure this cause
-home environment--parents not talking to kids |
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Term
treatment
(not including stuttering) |
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Definition
-usually self-corrects by age 6
-consultation w/ an expert
-specialized preschools
-increase enthusiasm for speaking |
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Term
prevalence and course
-stuttering |
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Definition
-gradual onset bt ages 2&7; peaks at age 5
-males affected 3x more than females
-80% of chd who stutter before age 5 will stop after being in school for 1 yr |
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Term
causes and treatment
-stuttering |
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Definition
-causes:unresolved emotional problems, anxiety, communicative behavior of parents, heritability=71%!
-treatment:parents should use short, simply, slow sentences; remove pressure to speak--contingency managment=reward and punishment WRONG! |
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Term
| discrepancy model of learning disorders |
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Definition
| -perfomance at least 2 standard deviations below IQ |
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Term
| DSM criteria for learning disorders |
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Definition
-reading/math/writing is substantially below expected level given age, IQ, and age-appropriate education
-interference w/ academic achievement or daily living |
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Term
| What is necessary for reading.. why is it difficult to read? |
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Definition
-focus your attn on the printed marks and control your eye movements across the slide, recognize the sounds associated w/ letters, understand words and grammar, build ideas and images, compare new ideas w/ ones that you already knew, store ideas in your memory
-all children struggle with reading; phonological skills and decoding are important |
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Term
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Definition
| -difficulty is often in both math, abstract concepts, and visual-spatial ability |
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Term
| disorder of written expression |
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Definition
-less is known about this than reading and math disabilities
-problems with hand/eye coordination, even if gross motor development is normal
-essays: shorter, less interesting, poorly organized; less likely to check spelling, grammar & punctuation
-often co-occurs w/ reading and/or math disabilities |
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Term
| prevalence and course of learning disorders |
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Definition
-reading: 2-10%, depending on your definition.. due to underreporting probably more like 5-17
-math: 1% (almost certainly an underestimate)
-writing: 10% |
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Term
| what are some causes of learning disorders |
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Definition
-genetics=60%
-neurobiological: phonolocial and visual processing deficits
-social/psychological:emotional disturbances; 30-70% overlap bt reading disorder and ADHD |
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Term
| how can learning disorders be treated |
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Definition
-best "treatment" is preventioin
-proper teaching strategies
-boosting motivation
-support groups
-currently, no medical treatments--although treating comorbid conditions (like ADHD) can help
-inclusion movement
-response to intervention
-direct instruction
-behavioral strategies
-cognitive-behavioral intervention
-computer-assisted learning |
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Term
| mood features of depressive disorder |
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Definition
1.feelings of sadness that are more exaggerated and persistent
2.common cold of psychopathology
3.masked depression in kids--only notice other disorder not depression |
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Term
| behaviors associated with depressive disorder |
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Definition
| -restless, agitation, decreases in activity and socializtion, excessive crying, verbal sarcasm, screaming, destruction, drug/alcohol abuse-selfmed |
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Term
| cognitive issues related to depressive disorders |
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Definition
-preoccupied with thoughts(devaluing thoughts),self-critical and self-conscious (devaluing self), difficulties:concentrating,focusing,
remembering,making decisions |
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Term
| physical symptoms associated with depressive disorders |
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Definition
-eating:appetite loss, eating too much
-sleeping:early morning wakening, feeling tired all of the time
-headaches, stomachaches, nausea, aches and pains |
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Term
| prevalence rates of depression |
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Definition
-5% of children; 10-20% of adolescents
-in chdhood male=female or male>female
-in adol female>male
-once an episode occurs, relapse rates are high.
-if chd has depressive episode 70% chance they will have 2nd in 5 yrs |
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Term
| DSM criteria for major depressive disorder in children |
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Definition
-depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks (in chd and adols, can be irritable mood)
-loss of interest in pleasurable activities most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 wks
-significant weight loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day
-insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
-psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day--moving too fast or slow |
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Term
| comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) |
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Definition
-70% of chd and adols w/ MDD have another disorder; 50% have 2 or more
-anxiety, dysthymia, conduct problems, ADHD, and substance use
-disorders usually precede depressioin and persist after depression remits |
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Term
| tripartite model explain the comorbidity between depression and anxiety |
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Definition
-anxiety usually precedes depression
-negative affect goes into anxiety and depression; however, anxiety is physiological/hyperarousal and depression is low positive affect |
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Term
| onset course and outcomes for MDD |
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Definition
-age of onset of first episode usually around 14
-average episode lasts 8 mos
-after recovery, recurrence is common along w/ subthreshold symptoms, health problems, chronic stress and adjustment problems
-chd onset depression>outlook not good>risk factors always exist |
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Term
| DSM criteria for Dysthymic Disorder (DD) |
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Definition
-depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 1 year
-must be accompanied by or more symptoms: poor appettie or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions |
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Term
| prevalence and comorbidity of DD |
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Definition
-rates of DD are lower than MDD
-most common comorbid disorder is major depression
-age of onset around 11-12yrs
-avg episode length=2-5yrs
-1 yr to meet criteria |
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Term
| How is CBT used for MDD and DD |
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Definition
-provides the most long and short-term success in chd and adults
-also want to change:internal(blame themselves), stable(think that it will never change), global(applies to all they do and in most situations)
-focus on changing the:self(there is nothing good about me), world(its not worth it), future(ill never be able to graduate)
*identity negative thoughts then challenge the thoughts then modify thoughts
-ACT and THINK skills--primary and secondary control enhancement training
-taking action--ACTION |
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Term
| What is the medication controversy regarding children and depression medication |
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Definition
-the only SSRI that is FDA approved for treating depression in kids is Prozac
-Zoloft & Paxil are prescribed "off label"
-lack of info about impact on developing brain |
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Term
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Definition
-30% of chd/adols who are clinically depressed attempt suicide by 17 yrs of age--3rd leading cause of death in 15-24 yrs
-among chd/adols who die by suicide, odds of having major depression are 27x more than controls
-ages 13-14 peak for 1st suicide attempt
-attempts double in adols but decline after 17-18
-national suicide prevention lifeline phone number |
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Term
| difficulties of diagnosing chd w/ bipolar disorder |
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Definition
-low base rate of occurrence
-extreme variability in clinical presentation w/in and across episodes
-overlap in symptoms w/ other disorders, especially ADHD |
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Term
| symptoms of bipolar disorder |
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Definition
-periods of abnormally & persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, alternating w/ or accompanied by 1 or more depressive episodes
-mood states=elation and euphoria
-irritability and rage
-silly, giddy, over-excited, over-talkative--grandiose beliefs |
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Term
| compare and contrast Bipolar 1 and 11 |
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Definition
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Term
| criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder |
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Definition
-numerous hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for either a manic episode, mixed episode, or major depressive disorder
-in chd, must occur for at least 1 yr
-no more than 2 consecutive symptom-free mos
-significant distress or impairment in functioning |
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Term
| prevalence of Bipolar disorder |
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Definition
-affects .4-1.2 of chd
-extremely rare prior to puberty
-youngsters more likely to be diagnosed w/ bipolarII or cyclothymmia
-affects males and females equally |
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Term
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Definition
| -ADHD, CD, Anxiety disorders, substance abuse, epilepsy, migraines, cardio vascular issues |
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Term
| bipolar disorder: onset, course, outcome |
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Definition
-peak age of onset is bt 15-19 yrs; extremely rare prior to 10
-depressive episode usually occurs first
-chronic in nature and resistant to treatment
-poor long-term prognosis |
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Term
bipolar disorder
treatment |
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Definition
-multi-modal:medication(Lithium) and education
-therapy CBT: cognitive restructuring, social rythyms, close monitoring of symptoms |
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Term
| associated characteristics of depressive disorders |
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Definition
1.interferes with academic performance
2.cognitive disturbances-attritubtions of failure, ruminative style, negative automatic thoughts, hopelessness
3.low or unstable self-esteem
4.social problems-few friends, feelings of lonliness and isolation, ineffective cooping styles, social withdrawal
5.poor interpersonal relationships-conflict w/parents and siblings
6.suicidal thoughts-16-30% attempt |
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Term
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Definition
-behavioral techniques:language skills, adaptive skills, social skills training
-cognitive-behavioral techniques:self-regulation training, metacognition (memory) training
-early intervention enhances intellectual and social skills
-family-oriented techniques:coping
-drug treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-individuals w/ disabilities education act:law ensuring services to children with disabilities
-services include:psychological and social work services, speech and language therapy, occupatioinal and physical therapy, medical and dental care, special educational programs, in-home living assistance, transportation |
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