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| A communication system specific to Homo Sapiens; it is open and aymbolic, has rules of grammer, and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas. |
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| The rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language. |
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| The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. |
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| Very rudimentary language; also known as prelanguage; used by earlier species of Homo. |
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| The first sounds humans make other than crying, consisting almost exclusively of vowels; occurs during the first 6 months of life. |
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| Sounds made as a result of the infant's experimentation with a complex range of phonemes, which include consonants as well as vowels; starts around 5-6 months. |
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| Single words, such as "mama", "dada", "more" or "no!"; accur around 12 months of age. |
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| Phrases children put together, starting around 18 months, such as "my ball", "mo wawa", or "go way". |
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| Stage when children being speaking in fully grammatical sentences; usually age 2.5 to 3. |
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| Changes in adult speech patterns-- apparently universal-- when speaking to young children or infants; characterized by higher pitch, changes in voice volume, uses of simpler sentences, emphasis on the here and now, and use of emotion to communicate messages. |
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| Nativist View of Language |
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| The idea that we discover language rather than learn it, that language development is inborn. |
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| Language Acquisition Devise (LAD) |
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| An innate, biologically based capacity to aquire language, proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of his nativist view of language. |
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| Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis |
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| The proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken by Sapir and Whorf. |
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| Mental Processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge. |
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| The study of how people percieve, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. |
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| A structure in our mind-- such as an idea or image-- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present. |
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| Visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present. |
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| Process of imangining an object turning in three dimensional space. |
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| A mental grouping of objects, events, or people. |
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| Arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific. |
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| A concept that organized other concepts around what they all share in common |
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| The best-fitting examples of a category. |
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| The process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence. |
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| Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions. |
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| Reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence. |
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| Judgments about causation of one thing by another. |
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| The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs. |
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| Process by which one analyzes, evaluates and forms ideas. |
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| Process that includes the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking. |
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| Mental shortcuts; methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments. |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| A strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event. |
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| A device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness. |
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| Error in logic that occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone. |
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| Expressions unique to a particular language; usually their meaning cannot be determined by decoding the individual meanings of the words. |
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| The urge to move toward one's goals; to accomplish tasks. |
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| Inherently biological states or deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives. |
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| Any external object or evet that motivates behavior. |
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| The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point. |
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| The percieved states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension. |
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| The ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature. |
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| The principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance. |
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| The inherent drive to realize one's full potential. |
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| A simple energy sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain. |
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| Actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm. |
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| The disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual) or both sexes (bisexual). |
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| A desire to do things well and overcome obtacles. |
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| Motivation that comes from outside the person and usually involves rewards and praises. |
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| Motivation that comes from within a person and includes the elements of challenge, enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy. |
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| Perceived Organizational Support |
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| Employees' beliefs about how much the organization appreciates and supports their contributions and well-being. |
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| Brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation. |
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| Affective states that operate in the background of consciouness and tend to last longer than most emotions. |
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| Set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. |
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| Types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society's rules. |
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| Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us aquire useful life skills. |
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| A situation that may lead to an emotional response. |
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| The evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; drives the process by which emotions are elicited. |
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| The cognitive and behavioral efforts people make to modify their emotions. |
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| An emotion regulation stategy in which one reevaluates an event so that a different emotion results. |
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| A response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that invovles the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion. |
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| The physiological behavioral/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated. |
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| Facial Action Coding System (FACS) |
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| A widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face. |
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| A smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pill up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye. |
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| Term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world. |
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| Subjective Experience of Emotion |
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| The changes in the quality of our consious experience that occur during emotional response. |
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| James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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| The idea that it is the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience. |
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| Neurocultural Theory of Emotion |
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| Ekman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotion regulation, are culturally derived. |
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| Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should shown them. |
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| The ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others, empathic understanding, and skills for regulating emotions in oneself and others. |
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| The overall evaluation we make of our lives and an aspect of subjective well-being. |
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| State that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect. |
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| Phenomenon in which the presence of others improves one's performance. |
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| Phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax one's standards and slack off. |
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| The study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. |
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| Rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives. |
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| Tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture. |
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| Informational Social Influence |
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| Conformity to the behavior of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do. |
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| Normative Social Influence |
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| Conformity to the behavior of others in order to be accepted by them. |
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| Situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision. |
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| A type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person. |
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| Inferences made about the causes of other people's behavior. |
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| The tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms. |
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| Schemas of how people are likely to behave based on groupd to which they belong. |
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| Tendency to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups. |
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| The tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same. |
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| A biased attitude toward a group of people or an individual member of a group based on unfair generalizations about what members of that group are like. |
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| Preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. |
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| An individual's favorable or unfavorable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, idea, or person. |
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| The feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person's conception of himself or herself as a reasonable and sensible person. |
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| The act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument, |
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| Violent behavior that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm, or both, to another being. |
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| Action that is beneficial to others. |
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| Phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help. |
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| Selfless attitudes and behavior toward others. |
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| The evolutionary favoring of genes that prompt individuals to help their relatives of kin. |
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| The act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future. |
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| The idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs. |
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| The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations. |
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| Empathy Altruism Hypothesis |
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| The idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them. |
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| The idea that mean and women face different problems when they seek out mates, and so they ofter approach relationships in very different ways. |
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| Triangular Theory of Love |
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| Sternberg's idea that three components (intamacy, passion, and commitment), in various combinations, can explain all the forms of human love. |
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| An extremist group led by a charismaticm totalitarian leader in which coercive methods are used to prevent members from leaving the group. |
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