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Psych Test 3
Language, Cog. and Phys. Development, Social Development, Social Cognition and Attitudes, Conformity and Obedience
13
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2008

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Cards

Term
Language
Definition
system of units that make reference to situations or events
may distinguish humans from animals
Term
Characteristics of language:
Definition
1) Displacement - allows us to think of things far from us in space or time
2) Productivity - we can say anything, even things never said
3) Creativity - infinite possibilities of things that can be said
4) Arbitrariness - language bears no perceptual relationship to objects
Term
Examples of animal language
Definition
white-tailed dear raises tail when predators near
bees make figure 8 shapes, sway abdomen to indicate where flowers are
Term
teaching animals language
Definition
a) humanize chimps, but not possible because limited by vocal tracht
b) teach ASL to chimps
c)use token system
Term
Language set of rules (4)
Definition
1) phonology (200 total, 40 in English) - basic sound units
2) semantics - morphemes are basic meaning units - i.e. boy = one phoneme = that person, boys = 2 morphemes - the person and plural boys' = the word, pluralization, ownership
3) syntax - the ordering of words into sentences and phrases
structure - superficial instantiation of sentence
deep structure - overall meaning
4) pragmatics - knowledge of intentions of other ppl when speaking. expectations of listener -
quality, quantity,relevance and manner)
Term
Critical period
Definition
need exposure to language w/in first 10-12 years
Term
Language development in babies
Definition
6 mos - babbling
towards end of babbling babies make sounds in the front
2 years - one word sentences or put 2 words together
next 2 or 3 years explosion of language
Term
arguments for innateness in language (5)
Definition
1) some areas of brain seem to be dedicated to language
2) critical period
3) children must have language acquisition device b/c not easy to learn language
4) not copying
5) thought comes before language
Term
ex of rule learning
Definition
1) went
2) learns ed, adds it to go = goed
3) learns irregularities in language, goes back to went
Term
models on development
Definition
1) maturation driven by behavior, which is genetic
2) readiness - maturation must occur before experiences can become meaningful
3) critical period - time in which experience/learning must occur
4) stages - behavior devel. into certain level, stays for a period of time than suddenly jumps to another level
5) waves - development more gradual and can overlap
Term
Piaget's stages of cog. dev.
Definition
1) Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence
2) Preoperational (2-7) - egocentrism, failure of conservation
3) Concrete Operational (7-11) - decentration, mastered conservation, hierarchical classification
4) Formal Operational (11+) - abstract thinking, scientific
Term
Information Processing
Definition
increased mental growth based on acquisition of knowledge
chess masters at 10 - experience and expertise effect mental growth, not just cognitive limitations
Term
Big 5 Personality traits
Definition
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
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