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Psych Test 2
Perception, Sensation, Memory
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/23/2008

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Term
Stroop Effect
Definition
marked decrease in reading names of color when color of font is different. example of automatization
Term
Volley Theory
Definition
sensory neurons in the basilar membranes fire as groups, which allows us to differentiate sounds based on the patterns.
Term
Place theory + Problem
Definition
we differentiate sounds based on the location of the vibrations in the basilar membrane. Stimulation of hair cells on one end leads to high tone, on other leads to low tone.
*This would mean we can't hear the lowest frequencies that we know we can, so there must be other places we can differentiate sounds other than basilar membrane
Term
Lateral Inhibition
Definition
receptor transmits excitation to the brain and also sends signal sideways, inhibiting activity of that cell.
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
the charting of physical stimuli with psychological experiences
Term
Difference threshold
Definition
the smallest stimulus change that the observer can detect
Term
JND
Definition
the stimulus change noticed in the smallest amount
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
nervous system is geared towards percentage differences, not absolute. Change of intensity to produce JND/instensity of standard stimulus = constant
Term
Fechner's Law
Definition
strength of sensation grows as logarithm of stimulus intensity.
Term
Steven's Law
Definition
law of propose relationship between physical stimulus and perceived intensity that supersedes Fechner-Weber's law because it describes a wider range of sensations
Term
Magnitude Estimation
Definition
method used by Stevens. Subject given standard and a number corresponding to that standard called the modulus. Subjects report their perceived intensity relative to the standard.
Term
Cross-modality Match
Definition
subject alters magnitude of one physical quantity so its perceived intensity matches that of another type of quantity
Term
Duplex Theory of Vision
Definition
two systems - rods and cones
Term
Rods
Definition
sensitive, low acuity,monochromatic
Term
cones
Definition
high threshold, high acuity, color
Term
Three dimensions of color
Definition
Hue - distinguishes blue from green from red
Brightness - differentiates black from white with shades of grey in between
Saturation - purity of color
Term
Young-Helmholtz Theory
Definition
stimulation by red light highly activates long-preferring receptors, weakly other two. blue light strongly activates short-preferring receptors. green light medium
Term
Two Sensory Processes
Definition
Bottom-Up: responding to physical energy in the outside world
Top-Down: context/memory expectations
Term
Nativism vs. Empiricism .
Definition
Nativism: generally bottom-up theories of perception. Humans born with all their perception processes ready to be used
Empiricism: generally top-down theories of perception. Perceptual abilities have to be learned
Term
Distal and proximal stimulus
Definition
Distal stimulus:
Term
Luchins water jar effect
Definition
Given 3 jars, had to fill up certain amount using different numbers. Showed that people stick to same method repeatedly, showing how mental sets can hinder solving problems.
Term
Functional fixedness
Definition
Similar to Luchin's effect. Participants fixate on function of object and cannot solve problem because of it.
Term
GPS
Definition
General Problem Solver - incorps. means-end-analysis,moving from start to goal of problem by choosing moves that bring you closer, thinking about applicability to current problem and adjusting with subgoaling
Term
Why do we need heuristics?
Definition
Many problems too complex to figure out just by using trial-and -error.
Incubation - leaving room, leaving problem
Fractionation - breaking problem into smaller parts
Term
Expertise
Definition
building up lots of chunks in long term memory and using good representations (like in chess)
Term
Memory chart
Definition
incoming info-- attention -- sensory storage -- STM -- encoding, retrieval --- LTM
Term
Ebbinghaus experiment
Definition
created nonsense syllables, learned lists until he reached perfect recall. results showed that spaced practice reduces amount of forgotten info
Term
iconic memory
Definition
type of short term visual memory discovered by Sperling. found that sensory store in vision lasts one second, produces evidence for backward masking : if picture shown in same spot as previous picture, it over-writes the previous image.
Term
George Miller and Baddely and Chase
Definition
7+/- 2 effect - can remember 7 characters, unless you chunk, which helps remember more.
Baddely argued that more digits held if shorter names so that subject could go thru whole list quickly before the stuff is forgotten (articulatory loop)
Chase at CMU got runner to remember 86 digits by relating them to running times, which were chunking and retrieval fixtures which allow info to go into LTM
Term
sensory store v STM
Definition
high info, limited time for sensory
STM less storage capacity but no time limitation
Term
How material is "lost" from STM
Definition
Peterson and Peterson - decay by preventing rehearsal, but could really be interference (i.e. counting backwards)
Waugh and Norman - had to remember 2 digits with different digits surrounding them, strongly supports interference
Sternberg experiment - store STM serially (increase in reaction when set size increases) and exhaustively (equal time for pos. and negative)
Term
STM also called
Definition
working memory, activated in LTM
Term
How do we store things?
Definition
articulatory loop, elaborative rehearsal, spaced practicing, organize info, encoding
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