Term
| developmental psychology? |
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Definition
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studies physical, cognitive, & social change throughout the life span
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Term
| 3 major issues of development? |
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Definition
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Nature/nurture-genes vs. environment
Continuity/stages-gradual process or sequences in development
Stability/change-do personality traits persist through life or do we change
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Term
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Definition
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fertilized egg, enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division & develops into an embryo
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Term
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Definition
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developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to the 2nd month
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Term
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Definition
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developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception til birth
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Term
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Definition
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chemicals & viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm
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Term
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Definition
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fetal alcohol syndrome-physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by mothers who drink heavily.(noticable facial mispropotions)
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Term
| what's the rooting reflex? |
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Definition
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baby's tendency to open the mouth & search for the nipple, when touched on the cheek
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Term
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Definition
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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Term
| Maturation & infant memory? |
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Definition
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lack of neural connections helps explain why our earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday
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Term
| What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? |
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Definition
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*Sensormotor-experiencing the world through senses & actions(looking, hearing, touching, grasping, mouthing)
-Birth to nearly 2 years
-Object permanence, Stranger anxiety
*Preoperational-representing things w/ words & images but lacking logical reasoning-about 2-6 years -pretend play,
egocentrism, language development
*Concrete operational-thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies & performing arithmetical operations
-about 7-11 years -abstract logic, mathematical transformations
*Formal operational-abstract reasoning
-about 12 through adulthood
-abstract logic, potential for matur moral reasoning
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Term
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Definition
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concept or framework that organizes & interprets info
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Term
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Definition
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all the mental activities associated w/ thinking, knowing, & remembering
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Term
| What's object permanence? |
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Definition
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awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Term
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Definition
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principle that properties such as mass, volume, & # remian the same despite changes in the forms of objects
(Piaget believed this as concrete operational resoning)
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Term
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Definition
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Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's pt of view
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Term
| what's the theory of mind? |
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Definition
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people's ideas about their own & other's mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, & thoughts & the behavior these might predict
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Term
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Definition
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fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by 8 months of age
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Term
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Definition
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emotional tie w/ another perosn; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver & showing distress on separation
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Term
| what's the critical period? |
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Definition
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optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development(baby & mother bonding)
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Term
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Definition
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process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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Term
| what's the effects of attachment? |
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Definition
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-the unloved often becomes unloving
-lay foundation for our adult relationships
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Term
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Definition
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sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences w/ responsive caregivers(Erik Erikson)
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Term
| what's are the child-rearing practices? |
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Definition
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Authoritarian, Permissive, & Authoritative
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Term
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Definition
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parents impose rules & expect obedience
(Do keep your room clean. Why? b/c i said so)
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Term
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Definition
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parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands, & use little punishment
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Term
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Definition
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parents are both demanding & responsive. they exert control not only by setting rules & enforcing them but also explaining the reasons & encouraging open discussions
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Term
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Definition
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the first menstrual period
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Term
| who studied the theories of moral development? |
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Definition
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan
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Term
| what did Kohlberg suggest? |
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Definition
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3 stages of moral development:
1. Premoral(preconventional)-young child does not understand morality. they obey to avoid punishment or get rewards
2. Conventional-common after age 11. based on societies rules & what others think of them(many stay at this level)
3. Principled/Postconventional-moral judgements made on ind. ethnical principles not on others. Don't worry about punishments(Martin Luther King Jr)
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Term
| what are Carol Gilligans morality development steps? |
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Definition
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Was tested mainly on females
1. Morality as ind. survival-aviod punishment & get rewards
2. Morality as self-sacrifice-become aware of other peoples needs to be approved we must sacrifice own needs so others can be met
3. Morality as equality-needs of self & others are equal; when possible everyone's needs should be met.
*nonviolence & advocacy-no one including self should be intentional hurt.
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Term
| What are Erikson's stages of development? |
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Definition
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*Infancy(0-1 yr) Trust vs. Mistract(Good care vs. abuse)-Hope
*Toddlerhood(1-3 yrs) Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt(learning to exercise one's will vs. trouble learning this)-Will
*Preschooler(3-5 yrs) Initiative vs. Guilt(plans out tasks vs. can't live up to mom & dads expectations)-Purpose
*Elementary School(5-11 yrs) Industry vs inferiority(balancing responsibilities of school & home vs. not being able to)-Competence
*Adolescene(11-18 yrs) Indentity vs. role confusion(gains sense of who they are vs. remains confused about role in life)-Fidelity(loyalty)
*Young Adulthood(18-40 yrs) Intimacy vs. isolation (learns to connect to others, loving, commited relationships vs. becomes isolated not capable of love, commitement)-Love
*Middle Adulthood(40-65 yrs) Generativity vs. Stagnation(finding meaning in act. what to give back vs. what's the pt of life)-Care
*Late Adulthood(65+ yrs) Integrity vs. Despair (acceptace of one's life, seeing meaning in life vs. regreats about ones life)-Wisdom
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Term
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Definition
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progressive & irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, & physical features
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Term
| what's cross-sectional study? |
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Definition
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study in which people of diff ages are compared w/ one another
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Term
| what's longitudinal study? |
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Definition
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research which same people studied over long period
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Term
| what are the adulthood commitments? |
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Definition
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Intimacy(forming close relationships) & generativity(being productive & supporting future generations)
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Term
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Definition
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the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system received & represent stimulus energies from our environment
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Term
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Definition
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process of organizing & interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events
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Term
| what's bottom-up & top-down processing? |
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Definition
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b-u: analysis that begins w/ sense receptors & works up to the brains integration of sensory info
t-d: info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences & expectations
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Term
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Definition
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study of relationships btwn physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, & our psychological experience of them
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Term
| what's absolute threshold? |
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Definition
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minimun stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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Term
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Definition
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below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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Term
| what's difference threshold? |
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Definition
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minimum diff. that a person can detect btwn two stimuli
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Term
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Definition
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principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %
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Term
| what's sensory adaptation? |
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Definition
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diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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Term
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Definition
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distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
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Term
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Definition
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the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the color names blue, green, & so forth
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Term
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Definition
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amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude
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Term
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Definition
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process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus the image of near objects on the retina
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Term
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Definition
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the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods & cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info
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Term
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Definition
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retinal receptors that detect black, white & gray, necessary for peripheral & twillight vision
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Term
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Definition
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receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina & function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. cones detect fine detail & color
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Term
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Definition
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nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
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Term
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Definition
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pt @ which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot bc no receptor cells are located there
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Term
| what are feature detectors? |
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Definition
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nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
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Term
| what is parallel processing? |
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Definition
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processing of several aspects of a problem simulaneously; the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions, including vision
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Term
| what's Young-Helmholtz trichromatic(three-color) theory? |
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Definition
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theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
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Term
| what's the opponent-process theory? |
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Definition
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theory that opposing retinal processes(red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. some cells are stimulated by green & inhibited by red, others are stimulated by red & inhibited by green
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Term
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Definition
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perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
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Term
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Definition
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the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses, as when we perceive voices in films as coming from the screen we see rather than from the projector behind us
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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the # of complete wavelengths that pass a pt in a given time
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Term
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Definition
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a tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency
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Term
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Definition
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chamber btwn the eardrum & cochlea containing 3 tiny bones(hammer, anvil, & stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
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Term
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Definition
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the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semilunar canals, & vestibular sacs
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Term
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Definition
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coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves tigger nerve impulses
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Term
| what's the gate-control theory? |
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Definition
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theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers & is closed by activity in larger fibers or by info coming from the brain
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Term
| what's sensory interaction? |
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Definition
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principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
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Term
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Definition
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the system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts
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Term
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Definition
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sense of body movement & position, including the sense of balance
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Term
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Definition
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organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
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Term
| what's figure-ground perception? |
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Definition
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organization of the visual field into objects(the field) that stand out from their surroundings(the ground)
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Term
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Definition
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perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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Term
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Definition
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ability to see objects in 3-D although images strike the reina are 2-D; allows us to judge distance
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Term
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Definition
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laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants & young animals
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Term
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Definition
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depth cues, such as retinal disparity & convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes
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Term
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Definition
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distance cues, such as linear perspective & overlap, available to either eye alone
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Term
| what's retinal disparity? |
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Definition
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a binocular cue for perceiving depth: the greater the disparity(diff)btwn the two images the retina receives of an object, the closer the object is to the viewer
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Term
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Definition
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binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking @ an object
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Term
| what's perceptual constancy? |
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Definition
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perceiving objects as unchanging(having consistent lightness, color, shape, & size) even as illumination & retinal images change
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Term
| what is perceptual adaptation? |
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Definition
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in vision, the ability to adjust to an artifically displaced or even inverted visual field
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Term
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Definition
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another
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Term
| what's extransensory perception(ESP)? |
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Definition
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the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, & precognition
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Term
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Definition
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the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP & psychokinesis
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Term
| What's social psychology? |
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Definition
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scientific study of how we think about, influence, & relate to one another
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Term
| what's attribution theory? |
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Definition
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theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Term
| what's the fundamental attribution error? |
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Definition
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tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation & to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Term
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Definition
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belief & feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people & events
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Term
| What's foot-in-the-door phenomenon? |
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Definition
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tendency for people who have 1st agreed to a small request to comply later w/ a larger request
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Term
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Definition
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set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Term
| what's cognitive dissonance theory? |
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Definition
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent for example, when our awareness of our attitudes & of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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Term
| what's normative social influence? |
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Definition
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or aviod disapproval
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Term
| what's informational social influence? |
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Definition
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
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Term
| what's social facilitation? |
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Definition
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improved perfomance of tasks in the presense of others; occurs w/ simple or welll-learned tasks but not w/ tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
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Term
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Definition
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tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when ind. accountable
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Term
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Definition
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loss of selfawareness & self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal & anonymity
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Term
| what's group polarization? |
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Definition
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enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion w/in the group
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Term
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Definition
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mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Term
| what's self-fulfilling prophecy? |
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Definition
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occurs when one person's belief about others leads that person to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief
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Term
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Definition
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unjustifiable attitude toward a group & its members. prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelins, & a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Term
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Definition
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generalized belief about a group of people
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Term
| what makes you prejudice? |
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Definition
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Social learning-learn through observations
Realistic Conflict-competing for resources
Us vs. Them-dividing world into two groups. Group your in and everyone else
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Term
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Definition
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he tested Us vs. them. divided boys into towo groups(rattlers & eagles) and had them compete & caused prejudice between them
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Term
| what did Milgram's study do? |
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Definition
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had one person be a student and the other a teacher. teacher asked ?'s, and when student got them wrong shocked them. tested whether or not they would listen to them to shock them, even when student would scream in pain
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Term
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Definition
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"Us"-people w/ whom one shares a common identity
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Term
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Definition
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"Them"-those perceived as diff or apart from one's ingroup
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Term
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Definition
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tendency to favor one's own group
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Term
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Definition
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theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Term
| what's just-world phenomenon? |
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Definition
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tendency of people to believe the world is just & that people therefore get what they deserve & deserve what they get
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Term
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Definition
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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Term
| what's frustation-agression principle? |
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Definition
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principle that frustration-the blocking an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression
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Term
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Definition
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perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Term
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Definition
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situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Term
| what's mere exposure effect? |
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Definition
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phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Term
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Definition
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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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Term
| what's companionate love? |
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Definition
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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those w/ whom our lives are intertwined
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Term
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Definition
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condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
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Term
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Definition
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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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Term
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Definition
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Term
| what's the bystander effect? |
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Definition
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tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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Term
| what's social exchanged theory? |
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Definition
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theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits & minimize costs
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Term
| what's superordinate goals? |
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Definition
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shared goals that override differences among people & require their cooperation
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Term
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Definition
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Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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