Term
| Vicky and Amelia are talking about whether Rahul will be on time for an important meeting. They both say “no.” Vicky thinks Rahul will be late because he is not a very conscientious person. Amelia thinks he will be late because the meeting room is hard to find. Vicky is using a(n) ________ variable; Amelia is using a(n) ________ variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychologists are most likely to study ________ in ________. |
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Definition
| b. mental processes; individuals |
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Term
| To what domain did John Dewey apply his functionalist perspective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alberto is writing a research report on memory. In order to review the most recent information, he decides to interview a psychologist in the Psychology Department. The psychologist he will most likely interview will be a |
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Definition
| b. cognitive psychologist. |
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Term
| You have been asked to represent the humanistic perspective in a panel discussion on dreaming. The title of your talk is most likely to be |
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Definition
| d. “Dreaming and Creative Potential.” |
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Term
| Sigmund Freud claimed that his theories of the mind were applicable to all humans. In order to test this claim, you would most likely select a researcher trained in the ________ perspective in psychology. |
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Definition
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Term
| Your teacher has asked whether anyone in the class knows Wilhelm Wundt’s significance to modern psychology. You should answer that Wundt |
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Definition
| a. founded the first formal experimental psychology laboratory. |
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Term
| Psychologists can be characterized as “a rather optimistic group” because they believe that |
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Definition
| a. virtually any undesired behavior can be modified with an appropriate intervention. |
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Term
| Researchers who adopt the evolutionary perspective |
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Definition
| c. focus on environmental conditions in which the human brain was formed. |
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Term
| Which of the following might have been a book written by Edward Titchener? |
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Definition
| a. Introspection Reveals the Contents of the Mind |
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Term
| Dr. Kildoor takes a biological perspective on psychological research. He wants to understand why his poodle arrives in the kitchen to be fed exactly at 6 p.m., so he |
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Definition
| d. monitors his poodle’s brain activity as the time approaches 6 p.m. |
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Term
| On your way to visit the department secretary, you overhear two psychologists having a loud discussion about what can properly be studied in the laboratory. One insists that psychologists should stick to observable behaviors. The other believes that psychologists can also study mental processes. These psychologists most likely represent the ________ perspectives. |
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Definition
| a. behaviorist and cognitive |
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Term
| Which of the following is more than just a description of behavior? |
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Definition
| b. Karla was hungry so she ate a handful of cookies. |
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Term
| For three years, Samantha has worked as a psychologist in a day care center for underprivileged children. She has developed a teaching program that enhances each child’s self-esteem. This program most clearly satisfies psychology’s goal of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these is NOT a component of the definition of psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ perspective to the study of psychology is most likely to include researchers who focus on behaviors that are motivated by inner drives. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ focused on the way in which the mind understands organized wholes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Structuralists and functionalists were all interested in the study of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| To describe a piece of music, a friend first says “It’s slow and sad” and then adds “It uses a lot of half notes and whole notes.” These utterances illustrate |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two housemates are arguing over the cause of a third housemate’s poor social behavior. One attributes it to shyness, but the other believes it is due to a conceited personality. Researchers would probably judge which explanation is best by |
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Definition
| d. determining how well each explanation predicts behavior in new situations. |
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Term
| Surveys suggest that the number of practicing psychologists in the world is |
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Definition
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Term
| In her Research Methods course, Amy is giving a short classroom presentation on the “scientific method.” She is most likely to mention the |
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Definition
| a. steps used by researchers to analyze and solve problems. |
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Term
| While browsing in the bookstore, Roger flips through a book in the popular psychology section. Its emphasis is on the whole person, and it includes literary, historical, and artistic references. The book seems to be taking a ________ perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Teachers’ use of positive rewards, parents’ intellectual stimulation of children, and the use of the principles of group dynamics in the workplace are all consistent with the idea that |
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Definition
| d. psychological knowledge can be used to help improve the quality of life. |
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Term
| The best definition of behavior is |
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Definition
| a. the means by which an organism adjusts to their environment |
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Term
| Many experts consider The Principles of Psychology to be the most important psychology text ever written. The author of this text was |
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Definition
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Term
| You see an advertisement that says “People don’t read—brains read!” You suspect the person who wrote this advertisement is guided by the ________ perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these questions might be addressed by a developmental psychologist? |
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Definition
| d. Are babies color blind when they are first born? |
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Term
| Imagine being at an auction of rare manuscripts. Up for bid is a previously undiscovered early manuscript of Sigmund Freud. What would it most likely be entitled? |
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Definition
| d. “Pushed and Pulled by Hidden Forces” |
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Term
| Structuralism was based on the belief that |
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Definition
| b. all human mental experience could be understood as the combination of basic components. |
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Term
| Professor Constable has gathered data at her university in Iowa from which she has drawn the following conclusion: “All people who laugh frequently are valued by their peers.” A psychologist with a ________ perspective would find this conclusion quite problematic. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ psychologists attempted to answer questions relating to how people function in groups. |
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Definition
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Term
| Imagine that you have decided to live your life based on the humanistic perspective. Your main task will be to |
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Definition
| d. strive for growth and the development of your potential. |
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Term
| All of the following are concerns of the sociocultural perspective EXCEPT the |
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Definition
| c. importance of advertisements in adolescents’ decisions to begin smoking. |
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Term
| An observer speculates that youth growing up in crime-infested environments become violent in order to survive, whereas those growing up in crime-free environments can divert their energies to less violent alternatives. This observer accepts that ________ factors are critical in explaining behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Soose has decided to do research on reading behavior. If he were to approach this topic from the broadest level of analysis, he would be most likely to study |
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Definition
| a. whether there are cultural differences in attitudes toward reading. |
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Term
| In his attempts to understand the violence in today’s society, Desmond believes that we can learn from our early ancestors, who behaved aggressively because such adaptive behavior increased the chances of survival. It is likely that Desmond subscribes to the ________ perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to Westerners, psychologists in Asian and African countries are more likely to have understanding as the ultimate goal in research. Which of the following perspectives promotes this view? |
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Definition
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Term
| You see a list on a blackboard that contains words such as antecedents and consequences. You suspect that the list has been prepared for a lecture on the ________ perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which perspective believes that mankind is basically good and has the potential for positive growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Little Johnny was sent to the principle for misbehavior. He threw a spitball that hit the teacher. Lately he has been in trouble a lot. His mother recently ran off with a neighbor. Which goal of psychology does the preceding scenario answer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the best definition of psychology? |
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Definition
| d. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
| Who is considered the father of psychology? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Clementine works with executives in a unique training program to develop leadership skills. Which specialty of psychology does he practice? |
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Definition
| d. industrial/organizational |
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Term
| Ms. Gap does a study to determine the relationship between age and amount of money spent on new clothing. She discovers that the older an adult gets, the less money he or she generally spends on clothing. This is a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Your history professor catches you yawning during his lecture and asks you how much sleep you got last night. When you say, “five hours,” he concludes that you wouldn’t be yawning if you got more sleep. One possible confounding variable that your professor may be overlooking is that |
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Definition
| b. the professor was giving a boring lecture. |
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Term
| You heard a report on the news this morning that 72% of car owners drive over the speed limit because they don’t believe they will get caught. The most likely source of this information is |
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Definition
| c. self-report questionnaires. |
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Term
| You are given a list of test scores to analyze: 100, 94, 97, 94, 94, 62, 75, 88, 94, 92. Without doing any calculations, it would be pretty easy for you to identify the ________ of the distribution. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is likely to be the conclusion from a study using a correlational method? |
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Definition
| d. Women are more likely than men to talk with friends about personal problems. |
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Term
| A critic of Professor Clark’s research has suggested that all of his results can be explained in terms of expectancy effects. The strongest counterargument that Professor Clark could offer would be to say that |
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Definition
| c. he used a double-blind control. |
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Term
| While walking past an auditorium, you overhear, “There are no morally relevant differences between human and nonhuman animals.” The debate is likely to be about the |
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Definition
| a. ethics of using nonhuman animals as participants in psychological research. |
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Term
| You are looking at a friend’s notes from a lecture on the scientific method. You discover that the only statement he got down correctly is that |
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Definition
| a. independent variables must be operationalized. |
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Term
| One day when you have nothing better to do, you decide to try out two new recipes for chocolate chip cookies. You want to determine which of them yields tastier cookies. You ask ten friends to try one cookie from each recipe and then tell you which one he or she prefers. This is a(n) |
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Definition
| c. within-subjects design. |
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Term
| Prior to an experiment, participants must give their informed consent. This means that they |
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Definition
| a. have been made aware of the risks and benefits of the experiment. |
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Term
| Tommy claims that he doesn’t believe in the assumption of determinism. Which of the following is a statement he’s likely to make? |
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Definition
| d. “Some behaviors are not brought about by specific causal factors.” |
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Term
| Imagine that you are a new teacher and that you want to study the effect of rewards on children’s performance in school. You might choose as a dependent variable |
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Definition
| a. the number of As each child gets. |
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Term
| Mrs. Kim thought that her son was the best actor in his high school play. A psychologist might say that Mrs. Kim’s judgment was influenced by |
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Definition
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Term
| Hiroko is planning research on advertisements. She wishes to show that teenagers are more likely to buy soft drinks that contain extra amounts of caffeine. If she wants her conclusions to be valid, it’s important that Hiroko start with a |
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Definition
| d. representative sample. |
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Term
| Which correlation coefficient must be a mistake? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of these is NOT an example of a descriptive statistic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fillmore announces that he has collected convincing data that support the existence of extrasensory perception. As the next step in the research process, Fillmore should |
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Definition
| d. reveal his methods so that other researchers can attempt to replicate his findings. |
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Term
| Research on subliminal audiotapes demonstrated that participants believed their memory improved when they “listened” to tapes that were marked “memory” but were actually about “self-esteem.” This is a good example of a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A key feature of naturalistic observation is that the experimenter |
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Definition
| b. does not interfere with the behavior being studied. |
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Term
| Mia complains that her weight scale gives her vastly different measurements of her weight from hour to hour. You assume that the scale is |
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Definition
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Term
| In a ________ research design, each participant serves as his or her own control. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a national survey, a researcher determines that states that have instituted a death penalty have shown a decrease in violent crimes. Assuming that the data are accurate, what can the researcher conclude? |
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Definition
| c. There are fewer violent crimes in states that have a death penalty. |
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Term
| Johan is conducting an experiment. When he is in the right mood, he gives participants the instructions orally and answers their questions. At other times, he has the participants read the instructions on a computer screen. It sounds like Johan has forgotten to be careful about |
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Definition
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Term
| You have been hired to do research for a perfume company. You are testing two new perfumes to see which customers prefer. However, the samples you are using are numbered so that you do not know which is which, nor do the customers know which sample they are getting. You are using a |
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Definition
| a. double-blind control procedure. |
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Term
| You are applying for a job at a clothing store. To get the job, you are asked to complete a test that asks you questions about the most popular movies of 1929. You would probably argue that the test is NOT a ________ measure of your potential job performance. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher is interested in how best to prevent panic behavior. As part of his procedure, he plans on locking participants in a room, pumping fake smoke under the door, and sounding the fire alarm. How should he handle the issue of deception? |
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Definition
| d. He should consider alternatives to deception and reduce potential risks. |
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Term
| In a study described in the text, an investigator designed an experiment to test the hypothesis that “morning people” feel best performing tasks in the morning. He administered coffee to participants to enhance performance. What happened to the people in the treatment condition? |
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Definition
| b. Their performance on a memory task improved regardless of the time of day. |
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Term
| You read in the newspaper that there is a positive correlation between hat size and intelligence. From this statistic, you know that people who have ________ hat sizes also have ________ intelligence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A researcher is investigating the effects of breathing techniques on the reduction of stress. Some participants use one breathing technique and others use a different technique. Each participant’s level of stress is then measured with a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. What are the independent (IV) and dependent variables (DV)? |
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Definition
| d. The IV is the type of breathing technique, and the DV is the level of stress. |
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Term
| Carol wishes to determine the central tendency for age in her family. The five ages are 12, 15, 23, 50, and 55. For Carol’s family the ________ is bigger than the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| An investigator is interested in whether ignoring a child’s misbehavior will reduce its occurrence. In the first and third week of a study, a child’s acts of misbehavior are recorded. In the second week, teachers are instructed to ignore such misbehavior, and the number of incidents is also recorded. What type of research design is being used? |
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Definition
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Term
| A teacher is interested in measuring the amount of time that a student in her class is on-task versus off- task. Your recommendation to this teacher is that she use |
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Definition
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Term
| If a driver is given a ticket for speeding, he or she will be less likely to exceed the speed limit in the future. This statement is an example of a(n) |
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Definition
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Term
| In a classic experiment, students were given rats that were all from the same group. However, half the students were told their rats were “maze-bright,” and half were told their rats were “maze-dull.” When their performance on the mazes were measured, |
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Definition
| d. the “bright” rats learned better than the “dull” rats. |
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Term
| Your friend Charlie is very excited about the new subliminal tape he has just purchased to help him quit smoking. Knowing something about the research on subliminal influences, you feel the need to inform him that |
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Definition
| b. he is probably wasting his money. |
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Term
| A researcher is interested in testing the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She believes alcohol will slow reaction time enough to interfere with driving. She varies the amount of alcohol ingested in the experimental and control groups and measures reaction time. In this experiment the independent variable is |
|
Definition
| a. the amount of alcohol ingested. |
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Term
| In a drug trial there are four groups. One group gets the experimental drug x, another group gets an older drug, a third group gets a placebo and the last group receives no treatment. Researchers measure life expectancy by recording the number of days until death. What is the dependent variable? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Psychology is considered a science because it |
|
Definition
| a. follows rules of the scientific method |
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Term
| ____________ is the degree to which a test produces similar scores, while _______________ is the extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT an issue in the ethical treatment of participants in research? |
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Definition
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Term
| Jack is a fan of the Red Flops. Jill is a fan of the White Flops. They both wish to describe to you what happened in a controversial game between the two teams. You suspect that their accounts will show the influence of |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| As a class exercise, Nancy is required to carry out a naturalistic observation. Which of these would be appropriate? She: |
|
Definition
| a. visits a mall to see how many people shop by themselves or with others. |
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Term
| An experimenter completes a study on movie-going. In his sample, right-handed people had seen an average of 11 movies in the past year and left-handed people had seen 15. To determine whether that difference can be generalized beyond his sample, the experimenter will use ________. |
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Definition
| a. inferential statistics |
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Term
| Bettina claims that every time she goes jogging, bees come out to attack her. She takes this very personally. You’ve even heard her say, “The bees are out to get me.” You might explain to her that |
|
Definition
| b. correlation does not imply causation. |
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Term
| Imagine that a researcher has just completed a study. During the study, participants were partly deceived, and some were made to feel embarrassment. After collecting the data, the researcher met briefly with the participants, thanking them for their participation, and paying them for their time. Should the researcher have done anything else after the study? |
|
Definition
| b. The participants should have gone through a formal debriefing process. |
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Term
| A movie director needs to cast someone who looks like a villain. He is most interested in the actor’s |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Carson has recently been diagnosed as suffering from clinical depression. If you had to guess which neurotransmitter is playing a role in his mood illness, you would be correct in saying |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Lara was in an accident that left her with some brain damage. She now has difficulty speaking. If Lara is right-handed, the area of damage is likely to be in the |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| A speaker is discussing how a special adaptation in humans allowed humans to engage in complex thinking, remembering, and reasoning. You know that the adaptation the speaker is referring to is |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| If you suffered damage to your ________, you might experience difficulty learning the names of new acquaintances. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which of the following might be the title of a book about endocrine activity? |
|
Definition
| a. Be Happy about Hormones |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of the resting potential? |
|
Definition
| c. The fluid inside the neuron is polarized with respect to the fluid outside the neuron. |
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Term
| How do Darwin’s finches illustrate the principle of natural selection? |
|
Definition
| d. The shapes of their beaks suggests adaptation to different environments. |
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Term
| Suppose you were having a conversation with a neuron. Which statement would it be likely to make? |
|
Definition
| a. “There are a whole lot of us, but I’ve never touched another neuron.” |
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Term
| You have decided to attend a costume party dressed as a neuron. Which of the following should NOT be a feature of your costume? |
|
Definition
| a. A wig on your head could represent myelin sheaths. |
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Term
| Research on patients who have undergone split-brain surgery has shown that |
|
Definition
| c. their behavior after the surgery will be, for the most part, normal. |
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|
Term
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) allow researchers to |
|
Definition
| c. create temporary brain lesions. |
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Term
| Which statement is most accurate about the role of your two cerebral hemispheres in carrying out day- to-day life functions? |
|
Definition
| b. Their different processing styles contribute to most of the functions you carry out. |
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Term
| When a cell is polarized, the fluid inside the cell is more ____________ charged with respect to the ____________ charged exterior fluid. |
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Definition
| b. negatively; positively |
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Term
| If you do NOT inherit a Y chromosome from your father, you are born with |
|
Definition
| a. female characteristics. |
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Term
| As you walk into the classroom, the teacher is erasing the blackboard. You catch a fleeting glimpse of the words “damage,” “lesions,” “stimulating,” “recording,” and “image” before they are erased. It is immediately clear to you that the teacher was discussing |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| You are looking at a large painting with a wildly flowing river at the center of the canvas. On the left side of the river, there is a city with an impressive skyline. On the right side, there are acres of open wilderness. Connecting the two banks of the river is a wide bridge. The feature of this painting that should most remind you of your corpus callosum is the |
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Definition
|
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Term
| While you are under anesthesia, the ________ nervous system still takes care of basic life processes like breathing. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a region of a neuron enters an absolute refractory period? |
|
Definition
| b. No amount of stimulation will allow another action potential to be generated. |
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Term
| Joe is participating in an experiment that requires him to lift his left hand when he is touched on the right side of his body, and vice versa. Joe feels a gentle tap on his left shoulder, so he lifts his right hand. The “gentle tap” was sensed in the ________ side of Joe’s brain, and the motor command to lift his hand was issued by the ________ side of his brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When excitatory inputs to a nerve cell are sufficiently strong with respect to inhibitory inputs, the neuron becomes ________ and a(n) ________ occurs. |
|
Definition
| d. depolarized; action potential |
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Term
| There was one house to which Robbie didn’t like delivering the morning paper. Today, when he saw the big dog coming at him, Robbie’s ________ mobilized his body into action and his ________ told the muscles in his legs to run. |
|
Definition
| c. sympathetic nervous system; somatic nervous system |
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Term
| Marie is walking through an exhibit at the science museum entitled, “The Living Brain.” She enters through a waiting room called “the spinal cord,” and then enters the brain. The exhibit takes her from the deepest recesses of the brain to the surface layer. What is the route she will follow? |
|
Definition
| c. brain stem, limbic system, cerebrum |
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|
Term
| You have been hired to do research for a perfume company. You are testing two new perfumes to see which customers prefer. However, the samples you are using are numbered so that you do not know which is which, nor do the customers know which sample they are getting. You are using a |
|
Definition
| a. double-blind control procedure. |
|
|
Term
| Little Billy is learning how to flush the toilet. One day he notices that the toilet will not flush properly unless he waits for a while. Billy doesn’t know it, but the fact that the toilet will not flush until the water level returns to normal is also an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A friend is playing a new game called “Be a Science Detective!” She has just received a clue card which tells her that the suspect has a Y chromosome. From this, it can be deduced that the suspect is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The all-or-none law states that |
|
Definition
d. the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of the stimulation beyond the
threshold level. |
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|
Term
| Organisms with a selective advantage are |
|
Definition
| c. more likely to pass on their genotypes. |
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Term
| Cassie has no difficulty understanding what you say to her, but finds it impossible to produce words to convey her understanding. You suspect that she has damage to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jack is making flash cards to help him learn the major brain structures and functions. Jill walks by and notices that Jack has incorrectly listed a certain structure as part of the brain stem. She points out to him that the brain stem does NOT include the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Studies of cerebral dominance have determined that many language-related behaviors are lateralized. For example, for most individuals spoken language is lateralized to the ________ hemisphere; for individuals who use American Sign Language, language is lateralized to the ________ hemisphere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your friend Duke claims that the brain, encased in its protective environment, is not changed by life experiences such as stress. You decide to inform him of research that shows that |
|
Definition
| b. changes in communication across existing synapses can form new synapses. |
|
|
Term
| Night Owl is drawing a representation of the relationship between the amount of area in the motor cortex devoted to different parts of the body. In his drawing, Night Owl should |
|
Definition
| b. have the largest area be the one that controls the thumb and the muscles involved in speech. |
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|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function attributed to glia? |
|
Definition
| b. They eliminate foreign substances inside neurons. |
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|
Term
| Chris and Chrissy are trying to match the lobes of the brain with their various functions. Which pairing do they have wrong? |
|
Definition
| b. parietal lobe—makes plans, decisions, and sets goals |
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Term
| Suppose you were a neurotransmitter. Imagine that you have left one neuron and have been successful in binding yourself to a receptor molecule on another neuron. What effect will you have? |
|
Definition
| c. You will have either increased or decreased the probability that the second neuron will fire. |
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Term
| “Studies show that males manifest higher levels of aggression than females across all cultures.” If you assume that this statement is true, it would seem to implicate ________ as the primary basis for the observed higher level of aggression in males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chester has written a science fiction novel. In his pretend world, as a character becomes more skilled in a certain behavior, the part of the brain that is related to that area becomes larger. Francesca is one of the best ballerinas in the world. Using Chester’s logic, we can expect that her ________ will be especially large. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imagine reading in a magazine that scientists have suggested genetics are at least partly responsible for the amount of time that adolescents spend talking on the telephone. Which of the following would be most consistent with the explanation a behavioral geneticist would give to such a finding? |
|
Definition
| d. Some unknown factor must mediate the genetic influence on the behavior of talking on the telephone. |
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Term
| Mary is building a computer simulation of a human being, but she is having problems. Her ‘human’ behaves as though it does not have an endocrine system. When she was designing the brain, Mary probably left out the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Donna is an artist who is working on illustrations for an anatomy text. Her current efforts are directed toward cells that are specialized to receive, process, and/or transmit information to other cells within the body. Although these cells vary in size and shape, they all have the same basic structure. Donna is drawing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which brain structure is most closely associated with aggression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the most basic genetic material? |
|
Definition
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Term
| All of the following are ways to record and image the brain EXCEPT the |
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Definition
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Term
| Sally sees a bear in the woods. She runs away as fast as she can. After she is safe, she catches her breath and calms down. Which nervous system activated her flight? |
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Definition
| b. sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. It also plays a role in which of the following? |
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Definition
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