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| the ancient practice of drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits |
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| belief that bumps on the head reveal mental faculties and character traits |
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| a study of biological and chemical changes that cause and occur in response to behavior and cognition |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| neural fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord (sensory and motor neurons)- this system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system, neurons involved in the control of muscle groups |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system, controls glands and internal organs in an involuntary manner- this system can be broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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| alarm or arousal of the autonomic nervous system- "fight or flight" responses, example: release of the hormone epinephrine (adrenalin) from the adrenal glands - this system works with the four f's: fighting fleeing feeding and fucking |
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| Individual nerve cells that communicate directly or indirectly with other neurons |
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| chain of events in neural communication |
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| specialized cell activated by a stimulus |
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| Sensory (Afferent) Neuron |
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| carry incoming info. from the sense receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
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| Convey information from neurons in the brain and spinal cord - allow us to have quick reactions- gets the message before the brain |
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| tree-like structures that branch out from the soma |
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| Cylindrical structure that carries the neural impulse from soma to other neurons |
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| insulated tubes around the axon that speed up transmission of neural impulse |
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| gaps in myelin that allow the neural impulse to jump down the axon- contain chemicals |
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| knobs at the end of the axon that contain chemicals |
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| The scientific study of behavior and cognition |
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| Descriptive Methods of Research |
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| Describe behavior; include: naturalistic observation, case study, survey, and archival research |
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| "feild study" - observe people in their natural environments, not always ethical, con be problematic, can't always anticipate results |
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| in depth analysis of an individual- talk to all the people who know the person- not very scientific- Freud did a lot of this - doesn't allow for comparing results |
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| ask questions of a whole bunch of people, answers "yes" "no" "undecided", limited black and white answers, can give you a superficial but not in depth idea |
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| looking back at old records, behaviors - this kind of research is used when examining things like suicide that can't be experimented with because it would be unethical |
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| find a relationship between two or more variables, for example: the hotter the temperature the more aggressive people get - but, just because two things correlate doesn't always mean that one causes the other |
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| objective and systematic method of research in any scientific analysis; 2 basic steps: 1. vary the quantity or quality of the variable 2. see if the variable had an impact on behavior |
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| factor or variable being studied or manipulated by the experimenter |
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| behavior under analysis- involves some measure/quantification; should involve some measure of performance/symptoms - tells whether the independent variable made a difference |
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| the number of people in the experiment - low numbers of people aren't good (n=20 means each group has 20 people, N=20 means there were 20 people in the whole experiment) |
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