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| use of mathematical models to represent complex decision making in which the actions of other group members must be taken into account |
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| the process of consciously making behavioural choices in order to create a specific impression in the minds of others |
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| impression managment takes place in all aspects of human interaction. Person's behaviour is ongoing performance according to situation |
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| members of a group agree and think alike for the sake of harmony |
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| The attitudes of a group as a whole becomes stronger towards a particular issue. |
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| improved performance under observation of others (usually when subject is highly skilled at the task) |
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| diffusion of responsibility in a crowded situation |
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| decrease in pace of work to let others work harder |
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| when a person loses sense of self in a crowd and acts according to the mood of the crown |
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| groups and people who influence personal attitudes believes, and behaviors (family, friends, neighbors, school, religion, media) |
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| tendency to change attitude, opinion, behaviour to align with group norms |
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| behavioural changes made in response to commands by authority figure |
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| behaviour that violates social expectations |
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| process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture |
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| culture shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture |
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| the practice of valuing and respecting differences in culture |
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| the belief that one's group is of central importance and includes the tendency to judge the practices of other groups |
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| the practice of trying to understand a culture on its own terms and judge a culture by its own standards. |
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Definition
1. individual feels identity and loyalty towards the in-group
2. group with which individual does not identify (may feel competition or hostility) |
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| favor in-group and devalue out-group |
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| anxiety and resulting impaired performance when there is a threat that the individual may confirm a stereotype about their group |
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| individual discrimination |
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| one person to another due to social group |
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| institutional discrimination |
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| institutions employ policies that differentiate between people based on social grouping. |
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| the collection of lasting characteristics that make a person unique |
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Term
| trait theory of personality |
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| personality consists of a set of traits which are characteristics that vary between people and are stable over the course of the lifetime |
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| openness, consientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neruoticism |
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| high levels of emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness |
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| biological theory of personality |
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Definition
| theory assumes that a person's genome contributes to the formation of personality |
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| an innate, genetically influenced 'baseline' of personality |
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| proposes a universal personality structure that contributes both to behavior and to differences between people.... Id, Ego, Superego |
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| primitive. seeks instant gratification. no consideration for morality or social norms. |
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| develops through internalization of society's rules for moral behavior |
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| direct behavior in a way that balances the |
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| personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through interactions between the individual and their environment |
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| an individual is able to activally participate in the formation of their own personality via observational learning |
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| people continually seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals (Carl Rogers: Self-concept, actual self, ideal self) |
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| a person's view of who they are in terms of both internal factors (personality traits etc) and social (external) factors like group membership. |
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| knowledge of ones self as a person both separate from other people and constant throughout changing situations (view of his/her own personality) |
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| adopting the role of another person via imitation or adopting point of view |
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| group that provides individual with a model for appropriate action, values, worldviews. |
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| overall value judgment of oneself. |
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| felling of being able to carry out an action successfully |
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| belief about the extent to which internal or external factors play a role in shaping the individual's life. |
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| freud's theory of developmental stages |
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Definition
| Oral (1), Anal (2), Phallic (3-6), Latent (7-12), Genital (adolescence and older) |
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| Erik Erikson psychosocial stages |
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Definition
1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. initiative vs. guilt
4. industry vs. inferiority
5. identity vs. role confusion |
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Term
| Kohlberg theory of moral development |
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Definition
Level 1- preconventional morality (st1 punishment, st2 reward)
Level 2- conventional Morality (st3 Social disapproval, st4 rule following)
Level 3- Postconventional Morality (st5 social contract, st6 universal ethics) |
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Definition
| research of the causes that people assume when observing other's behaviours |
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| dispositional attribution |
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Definition
| assigning the cause of observed behaviour to an inherent quality or trait |
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Definition
| assigning the cause of observed behaviour to a situation |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| the tendency to use dispositional attribution when assuming the cause of a behaviour |
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Definition
| tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors while attributing failure to external factors |
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