1. Acute onset and fluctuating course

2. Inattention

3. Disorganized thinking

4. Disturbance of consciousness

• risk for Injury
• Acute confusion
• Defficient fluid volume
• Insomnia, sleep deprivation
• Impaired verbal communication
• Fear
• Self-care deficit
• Disturbed thought process 

• Progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning and global impairment of intellect
• No change in consciousnesss
• Difficulty with memory, thinking and comprehension
• Majority of dementias are irreversible

Primary:

• Irreversible
• Progressive 
• Not secondary to any other disease
• Ex: Alzheimer's disease

• Result of some other pathological process
• Ex: AIDS related dementia

Biological Factors

• Cerebral atrophy
• Neurofibrillary tanglles
• Neuritic plaques

Genetic

Environmental Factors 

Stage 1: Mild forgetfulness

Stage 2: Moderate confusion

Stage 3: Moderate to severe: unable to identify familiar objects or people

Stage 4: (Late): End stage

• Risk for injury
• Impaired veerbal communication
• Impaited environmental interpretation syndrome
• Impaired memory
• confusion
• caregiver role strain

• Biological determinants: seems to have a genetic component
• Chronic traumaL repeated trauma effects brain
• Psychosocial factors

• Cluster A: Disorders with odd or eccentric behavior as the core characteristic
• Cluster B: Disorders with dramatic, emotional, or erratic manifestations.
• Cluster C: Disorders marked by anxious or fearful behaviors

• Paranoid Personality Disorder: Suspicious
• Schizoid Personality Disorder: avoids close relationships
• Schizotypal Personality disorder: odd

• Antisocial Personality Disorder: psychopath, sociopath
• Borderline Personality Disorder: Unstable intense relationships, impulsivity, self-mutilation, mood shifts, chronic emptiness, intense fear of abandonment, splitting
• Histrionic personality disorder: Need to be the center of attention
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Needs to be admired, fantasies of power or brilliance

• Avoidant Personality Disorder: Social Inhibition
• Dependent Personality Disorder: Can't do anything without advice or reassurance
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: Rigid Preoccupation with rules.

• Immediate problem solving
• enhancement of coping
• Improvement of social skills
• Increased tolerance of anxiety without resorting to maladaptive coping mechanisms
• increased self-awareness
• Amelioration of the more destructive personality traits

• Psychopharmacology
• Individual psychotherapy
• Dialectival-behavioral therapy
• Group therapy
• family education and therapy

• language delays
• social and communication challenges
• unusual behaviors and interests
• may have intellectual disability

• Milder form of autism
• may experience social challenges and display unusual behaviors
• Typically do not experience language problems of intellectual disability

Pervasive Development Disorder-Not otherwise specified

(PDD-NOS)

• Also known as atypical autism
• symptoms of autism and asperger's but doesn't meet the specific ccriteria
• may only experience social and communication challenges

• Physical symptoms suggest a physical disorder for which there is no demonstrable base
• linked to psychobiological factors

• Somatization disorder
• Undifferentiated somatoform disorder
• conversion disorder
• pain disorder
• hypochondriasis
• body dysmorphic disorder
• somatoform disorder not otherwise specified

• most common somatoform disorder
• functional impairment
• Pain, GI symptoms, sexual symptoms, pseudoneurologic symptoms
• Course of illness chronic and relapsing
• suicide threats and gestures common

• misinterpretation of physical sensations
• overconcern for health andd preoccupied with symptoms
• extreme worry and fear
• course of illness chronic and relapsing

• discomfort leads to impairment
• associated with depression
• usual sites of pain are head, face, lower back, pelvis