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| an average difference between women and men on certain characteristics such as height, body fat distribution, or personality characteristics, with no prejudgment about the cause of the difference |
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| social interpretations of what it means to be a man or woman |
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| beliefs that we hold about how men or women differ or are supposed to differ, which are not necessarily based on reality. gender stereotypes can have important real life consequences for men and women. these consequences can damage people where it most counts - health, jobs, advancement and social reputation. |
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| how large a particular difference is, or how strong a particular correlation is, as averaged over several experiments or studies |
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| those who describe sex differences as small and inconsequential. |
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| those who describe sex differences as comparable in magnitude to effect sizes in other areas of psychology, important to consider, and recommend that they not be trivialized. |
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| the ability to control inappropriate responses or behaviors |
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| the ability to detect subtle stimuli from the environment. |
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| a cluster of behaviors including approach behavior, high activity and impulsivity |
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| includes components such as anger, sadness, difficulty and amount of distress |
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| the proclivity to cooperate with others, giving others the benefit of the doubt, and viewing ones fellow human beings as basically good at heart |
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| a nurturant procolivity, having empathy for others, and being sympathetic with those who are down trodden |
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| by far the most frequently measured component of self esteem. defined as the level of global regard that one has for the self as a person. global self esteem can range from highly positive to highly negative and reflects an overall evaluation of the self at the broadest level. global self esteem is linked with many aspects of functioning and is commonly thought to be central to mental health |
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| brian little's people-things dimension of personality refers to the nature of vocational interests. those at the things end of the dimension like vocations that deal with impersonal tasks. those scoring toward the people end prefer social occupations that involve thinking about others, caring for others or directing others. |
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| repeatedly focusing on one's symptoms or distress. rumination is a key contributor to women's greater experience of depressive symptoms |
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| traits that define the cultural roles associated with being male. 2 major personality instruments were published in 1974 to assess people using this new conception of gender roles. the masculinity scales contain items reflecting assertiveness, dominance, self sufficiency, and instrumentality. masculinity traits refer to gender roles, as distinct from biological sex |
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| a psychological dimension containing traits such as nurturance, empathy, and expression of emotions. refers to gender roles, as distinct from biological sex. |
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| in certain personality instruments, the masculinity dimension contains items reflecting assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self sufficiency, and instrumentality. the femininity dimension contains items that reflect nurturance, expression of emotions, and empathy. those persons who scored high on both dimensions are labeled androgynous, to reflect the notion that a single person can possess both masculine and feminine characteristics |
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| personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed in a direct fashion, showing independence from others and displaying self sufficiency |
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| the ease with which one can express emotions, such as crying, showing empathy for the troubles of others, and showing nurturance to those in need. |
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| cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social information on the basis of sex linked associations |
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| the cognitive component that describes the ways individuals classify other people into groups, such as "cads" and "dads". this cognitive component is one aspect of stereotyping |
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| the notion that boys and girls are different because boys are reinforced by parents teachers and media for being masculine and girls for being feminine. this is probably the most widely held theory of sex differences in personality. |
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| a general theoretical view emphasizing the ways in which the presence of others influences people's behavior, thoughts or feelings. often combined with learning principles, the emphasis is on how people acquire beliefs, patterns, values, skills, attitudes, and patterns of behavior through social experiences. |
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| sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differentially into occupational and family roles. |
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| hormonal theories of sex differences argue that men and women differ not because of the external social environment but because the sexes have different amounts of specific hormones. it is these physiological differences, not differential social treatment, that causes boys and girls to diverge over development |
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| anything that impedes survival or reproduction. all adaptations must contribute to fitness during the period of time in which they evolve by helping an organism survive, reproduce, or facilitate the reproductive success of genetic relatives. adaptations emerge from and interact with recurrent structures of the world in a manner that solves adaptive problems and hence aids in reproductive success. |
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