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| relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviours across many situations |
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| approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour within a perosn |
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| approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
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| molecular genetic studies |
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| investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
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| feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion |
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| the assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
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| reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression |
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| tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
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| as the psyche's principal decision maker, it caters to the Id's demands |
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| tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
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| unconscious manoeuvres intended to minimize anxiety |
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motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses (internal). We forget because we want to forget
Example: a person who witnesses traumatic combat scene finds himself unable to remember it |
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motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Example: mother insists her son is alive after dying in a car accident |
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transformation of an anxiety provoking emotion into its opposite
example: a marries women who's sexually attracted to a coworker experience hatred and revulsion toward him |
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unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
example: a man with powerful unconscious sexual impulses toward females complains that other women are always "after him" |
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directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target into a safer and more socially acceptable one
example: a baseball outfielder throws his glove to the ground in anger after dropping a routine fly ball |
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providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or failures
example: a political candidate who loses an election convinces herself that she didn't really want the position after all |
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avoiding emotions associated with anxiety- provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts
example: a women whose husband cheats on her ressures herself that "according to evolutionary psychologists, men are naturally sexually promiscuous, so there's nothing to worry about" |
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transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
example: a boy who enjoys beating up on other children grows up to become a professional boxer |
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| sexually arousing zone of the body |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth. Pleasure by sucking, drinking, crying. 0-18months |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training. conflict= can't shit wherever you want to, have to find a socially acceptable place. 18months - 3years |
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| psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals. desire to eliminate same sex parent as rival. discovery that genitals = sexual pleasure. 3-6 years |
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| conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their rather as rivals |
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| conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly lover their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals |
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| supposed desire of girls to possess a penis |
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| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious. calm stage where they find the opposite sex unappealing. 6-12 years |
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| psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others. 12years---> |
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| theories derived from Freud's model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality nd were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
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| Alder: each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority |
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| feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings. Attempt to demonstrate their superiority to others at all costs, even if it means dominating them. |
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| according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations |
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| cross-culturally universal emotional symbols |
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| object relations theorists |
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| followers of Freud who emphasized children's mental representations of others |
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| Social learning theorists |
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| theorists who emphasized thinking as a cause of personality |
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| extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside our outside their control |
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| drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent |
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according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
example: a child who enjoys writing poetry may develop conditions of worth if taunted by peers. "when i'm teased for writing poetry, i'm not worthwhile. When i stop, i'm not teased so i become worthwhile" |
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| inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions. Regarding conditions of worth, there is an incongruence between self and organism |
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| transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world. Realized by Maslow and pertains to his idea of the characteristics of self- actualized people |
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| statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures |
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five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Extraversion- social and lively
Neuroticism - tense and moody
Conscientiousness - careful and responsible
Agreeableness - friendly, easy to get along with
Openness to Experience - intellectually curious, unconventional
......Stability - stable |
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| approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language |
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| structured personality tests |
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| paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of few fixed ways |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders |
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empirical method of test construction
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| data based approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups, and examine which items best distinguishes them |
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| extent to which respondents (test takers) can tell what the items (on the test) are measuring |
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| tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
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| hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus |
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| projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots (projective test) |
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| extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
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| psychological interpretation of handwriting |
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| tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
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