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| the process in which physical sensation is changed into electrical messages that the brain can understand. |
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| Perception theory which asserts that perception and cognition are largely innate |
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| asserts that perception is the sum total of sensory input. The world is understood through bottom up processing. |
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| revolves around perception and asserts that people tend to see the world as comprised of organized wholes. |
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| Perceptual Development by James Gibson |
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| the increasing ability of a child to make finer discriminations among stimuli. |
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| The dominant wavelength of light. |
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| the physical intensity of light |
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| Clear protective coating around the outside of the eye. |
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| located behind the cornea. bends in order to focus an image onto the retina. |
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| back of the eye that receives light images from the lens. |
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| rods and cones. Responsible for sensory transduction (converting images into electrical messages through photopigments) |
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| Sensitive to dim light and used for night vision |
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| center of the retina sensitive to color and daylight vision. |
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| area of the retina with the greatest visual acuity (best at seeing fine details) |
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| make up the optic nerves. |
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| Opponent-Color / Opponent-Process theory |
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| theory for color vision proposed by Ewald Hering. Suggests two types of color sensitive cells exist: cones that respond to blue/yellow colors and cones that respond to red/green. (Works in Lateral geniculate) |
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Tri-Color theory aka the Component Theory
Thomas Young & Hermann Van HelmHoltz |
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| suggests that there are three types of receptors in the retina: cones that respond to red, blue, or green. (works in the retina). |
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| allows the eye to see contrast and presvents repetitive information from being sent to the brain. Once one receptor cell is stimulated, the others nearby are inhibited. |
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| discovered color blindness. |
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| David Huvel & Tortsen Wiesel |
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| discovered that cells in the visual cortex are so complex and specialized that they respond only to certain types of stimuli. |
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| the entire span that can be perceived or detected by the eye at a given moment. |
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| consists of monocular and binocular cues. |
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| Eyes view objects from two slightly different angles, which allows us to create a three dimensional picture. |
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| overlap of objects shows which objects are closer |
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| gives us clues about how far away an object is if we know about how big the object should be. |
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| gained by features we are familiar with, such as two seemingly parallel lines that converge with distance. |
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| refers to how we see texture or fine detail differently from different distances. |
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| how movement is perceived through the displacement of objects over time, and how this motion takes place at seemingly different places for nearby or faraway objects. |
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| Eleanor Gibson & Richard Walk |
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| Developed "visual cliff" determining depth perception is innate. |
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| Afterimages aka The McCollough Effect |
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Definition
| afterimages occur because of fatigued receptors. Seeing darkness after staring at a white light. |
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| Gestalt Ideas to visual Perception |
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| Closure, proximity, continuation, symmetry, constancy, minimum principle (seeing what is easiest or most logical to see). |
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| tendency to perceive smooth motion. |
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| two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of the orientation of the arrow marks at the end. Inward facing arrowheads make a line appear shorter than another line of the same length with outward facing arrowheads. |
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| when two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of two vertical lines that slant inward. |
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| the way that a single point of light viewed in the darkness will appear to shake or move. The reason for this is the constant movements in our own eyes. |
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| the way that perceived color brightness changes with the level of illumination in the room. With lower levels of illumination the extremes of the color spectrum (especially red) are seen as less bright. |
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| is most often explained by template matching and feature detection. |
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| the inability to recognize faces. They describe seeing a jumble of facial features like a picasso painting. |
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| found that infants prefer relatively complex and sensical displays. |
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| the minimum amount of stimuli that can be detects 50 percent of the time. Example: the lowest pitch a human can hear. |
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| Just noticeable difference: the minimum difference that must occur between two stimuli, in order for them to be perceived as having different intensities. - E.H. Weber |
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| the upper limit above which the stimuli can no longer be perceived. Example: the highest pitch a human can hear. |
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| K = increase in intensity needed for JND / original intensity |
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| the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produce a slight difference in sensation. |
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| J.A. Swet's Theory of Signal Detection |
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| subjects detect stimuli not only because they can but also because they want to. |
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| Helmholtz: different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. |
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| our ears hear a sound prior to and more intensely than the other can give us information about the origin of the sound. |
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| Different verbal message presented in each ear. |
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| receptors in skin that detect touch and contact. |
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| Ronald Melzack & Patrick Wall's Gate Theory of Pain |
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Definition
| pain is related to the interaction of large and small nerve fibers that run to and from the spine. |
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| amputees feel sensations of pain in limbs that have been amputated and no longer exist. |
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| neurotransmitters that kick in to reduce or eliminate the perception of pain. |
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| the tendency to turn an object that has touched you. |
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| Kinesthetic Sense / Proprioception |
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| information from receptors in joints and muscles that tells us about the positioning of our own body. |
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| receptors indicating thirst. |
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