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Psych Flash Cards - Ch. 5
Stuff for the first test. Ch. 5.
65
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/02/2009

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Term
Nature vs. Nurtur
Definition
How do genetic inheritance and experience influence our development?
Term
Continuity vs. Stages
Definition
Is development a gradual, continuous process, or does it proceed through a sequence of stages?
Term
Stability vs. Change
Definition
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?
Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
Examines how people are continually developing - physically, cognitively, and socially - from infancy through old age
Term
Conception
Definition
Single sperm cell (male) penetrates outer coating of egg cell (female) and fuses to form a fertilized cell
Term
Zygote
Definition
The product of conception - the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Term
Embryo
Definition
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Term
Fetus
Definition
The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth
Term
Rooting reflex
Definition
Infants are born with this - helps them locate food by sucking when something is placed next to their cheek
Term
Habituation
Definition
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Term
Offspring cries
Definition
Important signals for parents to provide nourishment
Term
Infancy
Definition
Stage between newborn and toddler
Term
Childhood
Definition
Toddler to teenager
Term
Maturation
Definition
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience (babbling before talking, standing before walking)
Term
Sit unsupported (6 months), Crawl (8-9 months), Beginning to Walk (12 months), Walking independently (15 months)
Definition
Sequence of motor development
Term
3.5 years
Definition
Earliest age of conscious memory
Term
5 years
Definition
Age at which sense of self exists
Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
Piaget believed that driving force behind this is our biological development amidst experiences with the environment, shaped by errors we make
Term
Cognition
Definition
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Term
Schemas
Definition
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information, into which we pour our experiences
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
Term
Accommodation
Definition
Adapting our current schemas/understandings to incorporate new information
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Age: Birth to 2 years
Description: Experiencing the world though senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping)
Phenomena: Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Age: 2 to 6-7
Description: Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Phenomena: Pretend play, egocentrism
Term
Concrete Operation Stage
Definition
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Age: 7-11
Description: Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
Phenomena: Conservation, Mathematical transformations
Term
Formal Operation Stage
Definition
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Age: 12-adulthood
Description: Abstract reasoning
Phenomena: Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning
Term
Object permanence
Definition
The awareness that things continue to exit even when not perceived
Term
Conservation
Definition
The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty of taking another's point of view
Term
Autism
Definition
A disorder that appears in childhood marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
Term
Stranger anxiety
Definition
The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
Term
Attachment
Definition
An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Term
Critical period
Definition
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
Term
Imprinting
Definition
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Term
Adolescence
Definition
Life between childhood and adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
Term
Puberty
Definition
the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
reproductive organs/genitalia
Term
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Definition
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics - breasts/hips, male voice, body hair
Term
Menarche
Definition
The first menstrual period
Term
Ability to reason
Definition
This leads to social awareness in adolescents - they think about themselves, what others are thinking (about them possibly), and how ideals can be reached. Often, they criticize society, parents and (even) themselves.
Term
Preconventional morality
Definition
Idea that children before age 9 show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
Term
Conventional morality
Definition
Idea that, by, early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and upholding social rules/laws for their own sake
Term
Postconventional morality
Definition
Idea that people reach a third moral level in which actions are judged as right or wrong based on ethical principles. Usually derived from the advent of abstract reasoning in the formal operational stage.
Term
Morality
Definition
Idea of doing what is right, resisting own impulses. As we grow, we become less selfish and more caring.
Term
Infancy
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: up to 1 year
Issues: Trust vs. Mistrust
Description of Taks: If needs are met, they develop a sense of basic trust
Term
Toddlerhood
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: 1 to 2 years
Issues: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Description of Task: They learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Term
Preschooler
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: 3 to 5 years
Issues: Initiative vs. Guilt
Description of Task: They learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
Term
Elementary school
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: 6 years to puberty
Issues: Competence vs. Inferiority
Description of Task: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
Term
Adolescence (Erikson's)
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: Teen years into 20s
Issues: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Description of Task: They work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Term
Young Adulthood
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: 20s to Early 40s
Issues: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Description of Task: They struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Term
Middle Adulthood
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: 40s to 60s
Issues: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Description of Task: At this stage, people discover a sense of contributing to the ord, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Term
Late adulthood
Definition
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
Age: late 60s and up
Issues: Integrity vs. despair
Description of Task: When reflecting on his or her life, they may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Term
Identity
Definition
Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
Term
Social identity
Definition
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
Term
Intimacy
Definition
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
Term
Authoritarian parents
Definition
Parenting style which imposes rules and expects obedience
Term
Permissive parents
Definition
Parenting style in which parents submit to their children's desires, make few demands, and use little punishment
Term
Authoritative parents
Definition
Parenting style in which parents are both demanding and responsive - usually produces children who are successful socially and cognitively
Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
Period spanning ages 18-25, during which young adults begin to have less interaction with parents. Individuals at this stage generally are in college or have a full-time job, are hormonally stable, may have stabilized their identity, and have less interaction with parents. Simply, it bridges the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence of adulthood.
Term
Age 20
Definition
This age is the peak of our physical development (muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output)
Term
Menopause
Definition
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
Term
Fluid intelligence
Definition
Ability to reason speedily - declines with age
Term
Crystalline intelligence
Definition
Accumulated knowledge and skills - does not decline with age
Term
Social Clock
Definition
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
Term
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
Definition
Kubler-Ross Stages of Grief
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