questions posed by philosophy

methods borrowed from physical science

physical theory that tires to determine basic elements/building blocks of mental processes &behaviors

Wilhelm Wundt (Father of Psychology)

Edward Titchener

"whole is greater than sum of its part"

Max Wertheimer

proposed that mind evolved to produce mental processes &behaviors that helped humans survive &reproduce

William James --> Charles Darwin (theory of evolution)

- Natural Selection

relationship between environment &behavior

Classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner

Animal studies

focused on mental processes (information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving)

Ulric Neisser

Theory of mind that emphasized an unconscious mind separate from consciousness

Meet theory through dreams

Sigmund Freud

Human nature is inherently good &human beings want to imporove

Internal experience was important to understand how people behave

Abraham Maslow &Carl Rogers

emphasizes physiological mechanisms that influence mind&behavior (nervous system, genes &hormones)

Research Question: how are changes in neural activity related to psychological processes?

Ex) Are physical &emotional pain main mediated by activity in the same areas of the brain?

(adaptive, survival &reproduction)

emphsizes ways which psychological mechanisms may have evolved to solve adaptation problems adapted by human ancestors

Research ques: can functional analyses predict psychological processes?

Ex) are people less extraverted when they are scared of diseases?

emphasizes the way mind process information

Research ques: how do people store &retrieve memories or learn assoiates between concepts?

Ex) How long can people remmeber a 7 digit phone number without rehearsing that memory?

emphasizes the way which psychological processes are influenced by interactions w/ people

Research ques: how do we thnk about other people? How do another's presence change our behavior?

Ex 1) are people more likely to help a person in distress if they are in a group or alone?

Ex 2) are facebook users happier than non facebook users?

lifespan

the way the mind &behavior change through lifespan, from 1st days of life to old age

Research ques: during childhood, when do certain cognitive abilities emerge?

Ex) can a mother's sensitivity be assessed in under 10 minutes?

define &treat abnormal behavior

Explain, define, treat abnormal behaviors &to promote general well-being

Research ques: can symptoms be explained by abnormal biology or cognition? How are they treated?

Ex)S Can fear of heights be treated by having people climb slightly higher up a ladder in each session? [yes, exposure therapy]

psychological processes differ from person to person

research ques: does variability in personality traits predict behavior &life outcomes?

Ex) Are extroverts or introverts more likely to be happily married?

measures systematic, real-world observations

Case Study: examination of 1 or small # of people

Naturalistic: document behavior of people/animals in natural settings

Survey: ask many people about beliefs, activities, etc..

Correlational Method for Collecting Observations

Correlations, correlation

measures direction &strength between 2 variables

this does not equal Causation

realtionshps between 2 variables, NOT whether one causes change in another

casual, CAN used to show casual relationshps

to conduct this, researchers must:

• manipulate casual variable (IV)
• randomly assign participants to experimental conditions
• control other confound variables other than the IV
• measure theorized effect or (DV)
• Pros: draw cause of relationships
• Cons: may feel unrealistic, artificial environment

Cross-sectional study

Longitudinal Study

Mixed Longitudinal study

Test-retest reliability, inter-reater reliability, internal consistency

the extent to which a measure produces the same result when repeated

face validity, constrcut validity, predictive validity

the extent to which an operational measure actually meaures the concept it is supposed to measure

how reasonable is the measure

Ex) head size vs number of ques solved/min

does the measure predict relevant outcomes?

ex) IQ  predicts school success

descriptive-summize

types: central tendency, variability, inferential

standard deviation, spread of scores in a distribution

Standard Deviation- avg distance of scores from mean

• reasonable incentives: must be reasonable for time for patient, not coercive
• informed conesnt
• minimized harm
• confidentiality

• Clear purpose for research
• Care for them
• Minimize Pain &Suffering

400 African American men recruited to contract syphilis

were not told they had syphilis nor treated for it

US Public Health Service never informed or treated men, merely studied course for the disease

28 men died, 1-- related complications, 40 wives infected, 19 children born with it

test obedience to authority

Participants= Teachers

Actor = learner

experiment

separate rooms

teacher read pair of words

Rene Descares

Mind separate room body

mind &body are one

Biological psychology

one goes to the other

Ex) increased testosterone (biological) = increase aggression (behavior)

Winning a game (behavior) = increase testosterone (biological)

place sensors on scalp to measure electrical activity in the brain

reserachers can measure

resting brain activity

changes in activity w/ specific stimuli or events = event related potentials (ERPs)

researchers measure brain's use of oxygen while participants complete cognitive or emotional tasks

when area of brain has been active, needs more oxygen

techniqure measures delivery of oxygen by blood

although most electrical stimulation research is performed w/ lab animals, researchers can stimulate brain in patients

during procedure, patients are awake &alert, able to follow instructions &describe their experience

nervous system's support staff

provide physical strucutre holding neurons in place

provide repair &clean up services to neurons

create blood-brain barrier to keep harmful toxins away from neurons

insulates &protects axon

speeds up electrical signals within axon

action ptoential (electrical signal) is genearted in axon

action potential traves across axon to axon terminals

when action potential reaches axon terminals, chemical messengers are released &float to extracellular fluid

influence liklihood that 2nd neuron will response w/ its own action potential (to send along the message)

sodium ions (+) are found outside of neuron, potassium are mostly inside (inside more negative), outside more positive

this creates an electrical polarization called ____ w/ a relative positive charge outside the cell membrance &negative charge in side (about -70mV)

depolarization

-65mV

opening &closing of pores or channels

Na++ ions enter cell, K+ ions exit cell

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine (primary)

Serotonin

neuromuscular junction

autonomic nervous system

learning &memory

alterness &vigilance

"flight/fight" response

PTSD

primary neurotransmitter

reward (food,sex)

fine motor control

planning &cognition

ADHD (too little) &Schizophrenia

Parkinson disease (decreasing of neurotransmitters)

sleep &apetite

memory &learning

regulate mood

mimic neurotransmitters, activating receptors on dendrites &cell walls

alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamines-- activate dopamine receptors in brain's reward circuits

Dopamine- treat Parkinson's disease

Side Effects: gambling &other addictive behaviors, hallucinations

Acetylcohile- treat Alzheimer's disease

block neurotransmitters from activating receptors

"alpha blockers" &"beta blockers"- norepinephrine receptor treat HR &BP problems

Curare- blocks acetylcholine receptors (paralysis)

Antipsychotic medications- block dopaime -- in brain

Side effects: depressed mood, Parkinson's-like motor tremors

prevent axon terminals from recycling neurotransmitters, leaving them in synaptic gap to activate other receptors

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)- prozac

Treat depression &other moodswings

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

animal's behavior is rewarded by removing unpleasant stimulus

Ex) woman hits snooze button= will start hitting snooze button often

animal's behavior punished by adding unpleasant outcome

Most effect when immediate &consistent

animal's behavior punished by removing something desirable

will become less frequent

reinforcing a behavior everytime it occurs

Inconvenient

final stage of memory processing that last a life time

manipulation info in working memory increase likelihood that iw ill be stored in long term meory

Episodic (events experienced)

Semantic (general knowledge)

Procedural (motor skills)

explicit (semantic, episodic)

fully aware, can be consciously retrieved&verbalized

implicit

unconscious, different to verbalize &unretrievable

closely related concepts may be activated, or target concept may be activate ust enough to find 1st letter of the word, # of syllables, w/out remembering the whole word

can almost remmeber but not quite

detailed vivid memory of an experience

not always accurate in detail

links strong emotion to vivid &detailed episodic memories

competition between new&older info in the memory system

Proactive &Retroactive

neutransmitter that is involved in memory &attention

antagonize ACh receptors interfere w/ consolidation of new memokry

drugs that prevent breakdown of ACh in synapses can enhance memory

memory that aids that link new info to well-known info; "Big 5" -OCEAN

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism 

explain a concept in your own words&check w/ others to make sure you are correct

increase # of connections between new &existing info

distribute smaller amount of practice over long period of time

everytime brain retrieves memory, it stored longer

schedules for sleep, waking &eating

depends on biological clock

awake but relaxed

9-12 cycles/ sec

higher amp

unable to get sleep needed

2 forms: Onset or Maintenance

Treatment: Ambien/ side effects

breathing stops for a min or more during sleep before body alarm can awake sleper

occur in obese &people that snore

not nightmares, not dreaming/not yet paralyzed

Stage 4 REM Sleep

Intense fear &distress w/out dream content

Genetic Link

emotion, esp. fear, activated in variety of different emotoinal situations

Evaluation of environment for danger &coordinates responses

copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally &spontaneously 

Humans can also learn by watching behaviors others perform

reinforcing a behavior sometimes

different schedules can have different effects on behavior

apply this by using ratio schedules &interval schedules

physical responses &subjected feelings are linked, but physical response doesn't differ from emotion to emotion &may reflect emotion

Perceived Stimulus--> General Arousal --> Assessment of Surroundings --> Subjective Feelings

fast, involuntary, responses to stimuli

Mediated by brain stem &spinal cord

not learned

reinforcing spontaneous behaviors that are somewhat similar to target behavior 

"shaping"

innate behavior elicited from environment

more compex than reflexes

not learned

process of acquiring sensory info &transforming it into a format that can be stored

conscious attention 

"twilight" sleep

Theta Waves: 4-7 cycles/ sec

Relaxed muscles

less responsive to environment

K-Complexes &sleep spindles

disturbances

monitor environment

talk during sleep

more atention to information, stronger sensory experience

greater info available for memory

involves processes that retain info for different periods of time (<a second to a liftime)

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Delta &Theta Waes

Delta: 1-4 cycles/sec

Largest, muscles relaxed, slow heart rate, unresponsive

basic form of associative learning,

learns new association between 2 stimuli

Beta Waes

sleep&waking

dreaming

HR &BP increase

major muscles are paralyzed

memory consolidation

memory must be transferred from sensory "echoes" --> short term/ working memory --> long term (series of separate stages to memory)

Each step different process &different brain areas

brief storage of info from sensory receptors (last<ec)

Stored separate for each sense

used for temporary storage of info about visual images

Hypatic- touch &other body sense

Acoustic- sound

Visual- image

sudden, brief, excessive synchronized neural activity

caused by brain injury, infection, distrubances to GABA (which normally slows down brain activity)

development of a learned response

conditioning easier if CS consistently precedes UCS

CS is unfamiliar

CS is presented repeatedly w/out UCS, CR will gradually disappear

Extinguished responses aren't forgotten

If CS disappears for awhile, next time it appears it may elicit CR again- "spontaneous recovery"

animals initially generalize from a CS to other similar stimuli

eventually learn to distinguish stimuli that predict unconditioned stimuli

state of unconsciousness, no sleep-wake cycle, cannot be awaken, unresponsive to light or pain

caused by traumatic brain injury &loss of oxygen

type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors &outcomes

forming mental associations among stimuli &behaviors

behavior rewarded by reinforcement that animal desires

will become more frequent

produce false preceptions

mimic serotonin/stimulate receptors

Ex: LSD/acid, mushrooms, marijuana @high doses

increase energy &alertness &activity in reward centers

Ex: caffeine, nicotine, cocain &amphetamines, Ritalin &ecstasy

slow down brain activity

reduce alertness &anxiety

most increase GABA activity

imitate endorphones

derived from seed pods of poppies

low doses = similar effect of depressants &pain relief

overdose = deadly b/c slow breathing

change consciousness by directing attention

focus on breathing, object, sound, word/feelings of love &kindness

produce state-like relaxed wakefulness

increase alpha-wave activity

some show theta waves

humans depend on each other for survival as well as emotional security

high status individuals have more control over material as well as social resources

sexual desires

Man have 10x more than women

stable pattern of attraction to members of particular sex

Hypothalamus

Working Memory

longer term memory store for info that is currently being used

Visuospatial Sketchpad (visual)

Phonological Loop (auditory)

Episodic Buffer (new info to long term memory)

Central Executive (coordinate 3 together)

store concepts in long-term memory by linking them to other concepts

"priming" activating 1 conept will activate closely related concepts (make easier to retrieve)

sex &emotional bonding

women release during childbirth &lactation

men &women during sex

forming internalized expectations that reflect most typical features of objects &situations

any stimulus that helps you access target info

memory form by linking each item of info to other items

each time you form a long-term memory, bits of info are encoded w/ other important bits that were present @same time

Schema Model helps

emotion &memory

activity increase w/ physical pain &social emotion (pain of loss or rejection)

enhances communication between 2 neurons

"sending" neuron may extend more brances to the "receiving neuron" = more powerful message

learning of motor procedures

connected to hippocampi to wrapping around thalamus

physical &subjective aspects of emotion are not dependent on each other

perceived stimulus --> physical response OR subjective feeling

removal of hippocampi

cannot form new episodic memory

procedural &semantic remain intact

Michael J. Fox

cannot form new procedural memories

episodic &semantic memory intact

awake &alert

conscious thinking

15-20 cycles/sec

irregulaw/ low amp

brief paralysis when falling asleep/waking up

Supine position

hallucinations

voluntary muscle inhibited

Epigenetic Processes

Experience Impacts Biologyy

Critical &Sensitive periods

interplay between genes&environment throughout development

experiences can alter genes

epigenetic influences impact individual differences more as we age

Ex) MAOA gene-codes for proteins that reak down neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine)

change in biology --> experience

change in experience --> biology

Ex) physical exercise throughout adulthood helps protect against cognitive declines

7th month-brain growth

Birth: brain is 25% of adult size

Body is 5% of adult size

chemical substance that causes harm to developing fetus

1st trimester- most serious side effects

1960s: Thalidomide

Antidepresants

Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Tobacco 
Recreational Drugs 

reduce responding to repeated stimiuli

gaze longer at new stimulus

extension of new synapses

"Pruning" or deletion of connections that aren't being used

Piaget's Thoery of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Stage

Age: Birth - 2

Highlights: "here &now" rather than past &future; exploration through moving &sensing; Object permanence

Piaget's Thoery of Cognitive Development

Preoperational Stage

Age: 2-6

Highlights: language acquisition, egocentrism, illogical reasoning

Piaget's Thoery of Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Stage

Stage: 6-12

Highlights: logical reasoning, mastery of conservation problems

"learn by doing"

Piaget's Thoery of Cognitive Development

Formal Operational Stage

Age: 12-up

Highlights: abstract reasoning, idealism, improved problem solving

focused on identifying universals in cognitive development

assumed most understanding of environment was learned by experience

emphasized stages w/ sharp transitions

Infant Abilities

Theory of the Mind

ability to understand that other people have minds &that their perceptions &beliefs may differ from our own

develops earlier &gradually than Piaget thought

John Bowlby

studdied infants to parents

infants attach to caregivers based on innate timeline of neural development &motor abilities

attachment behaviors can vary depending on environment

Attachment Styles

Attentive Responsive

=secure attachment

easily comforted by caregiver, crying when they leave, easily comforted when they return

Attachment Styles

Attentive Intrusive

= anxious/ ambivalent attachment

hesitant to explore environment even if caregiver is present; greatly distressed when caregiver leaves; child was clingy &rejecting when caregiver returned

Attachment Styles

Inattentive Unresponsive

= avoidant attachment

keeps track of caregiver's location; not seek to contact or show distress when parent leaves but do have increased HR &cortisol

patterns of mood, activity, emotional responsiveness

Biologically based

fearful &shy --> anxiety disorders &depression

angry --> externalizing disorders, aggression, self-control problems

high leves of negative effect (temperant) more likely to be insecurely attached as toddlers (attachmenet)

children elicit LESS warm &responsive behavior from caregivers

Leads to Cycle: insecure attachment = distress

Child's temperament type interacts w/ quality of his/her attachment to caregivers

Parenting Styles

Authoritative

high support + high behavioral regulation

linked to good outcomes

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian

low support + high behavioral regulation

linked to rebelliousness

Parenting Styles

Indulgent

high support + low behavioral regulation

linked to problem behavior

Parenting Styles

Uninvolved

low support + low behavioral regulation

extreme cases; linked to problem behavior

Lawrence Kohlberg - understand development of moral reasoning

Ex) test -- Heinz Dilemma

Heinz Dilemma 

Preconventional Stage

Age: children &young adolescents

Features: make moral chaoices based on expectations of rewards &punishment

Heinz Dilemma 

Age: during adolescence, most people move to this stage &stay here

Features: maintain reputation &follow law; sensitive to public opinion

Heinz Dilemma 

Age: Few people attain this stage

Features: Follows self-chosen ethical principles, rules made by humans may be flawed

Erik Erikson- outlined stages of social development beginning in infancy

each stage marked by major life task that must be resolved in order to progress developmentally

acknowlege mutltiple perspectives

may not be a single right answer to more important questions

critical thinking*

"right answer" is often "it depends" 

Creativity

mental speed decreases w/ age

loss in mental speed- reflects slow deterioration of prefrontal cortext (begin mid 40s)

less than 7% of people over 60- dementia

physical exercise can help prevent cognitive decline

direct sensory experiences (sights &sounds) that are stored in memory

young children reply on this

some w/ Autism Spectru Disorder (Temple Grandin) 

most adults are unable to store alot of detailed sensory information in long-term memory

concepts- organize individual experiences into categories

represent properties of category rather than every individual instance

more efficient than mental images allows people to generalize their knowledge

identify set of features required for category membership

Problem: we can always think of exceptions to the rules

store concepts in form of an abstract "ideal" member of the category

differentiate good examples of category (exemplars) from ambiguous examples

1. Understand Problem

2. Make Plan

3. Carry out Plan

4. Look Back/Evaluate

distinct sounds that can be used along or in combinations

different languages have different numbers

smallest units in a language that act as symbols for meanig

Ex) most words, but also prefixes (sub) &suffixes (ing)

movement of mouth&lips

difficulty producing phonemes

understanding written &spoken language

difficulty using morphemes

difficulty learning ot read

cant distinguish between phonemes

influenced by genetic factors

ability to understand complex ideas

adapt to environment

learn from experience

engage in reasoning

overcome obstacles

single measure of one's intellectual ability to predict intellectual performance

Fluid &Crystalized

requires learned knowledge

more stable than adulthood

"ability to monitor one's own &other's feelings, &emotions, to discriminate among the &to use this information to guide one's thinking &actions"

perception, facilitation, understanding, management

Emotional Intelligence

Perception

emotions are perceived &expressed

emotions sensed, automatuc influences on cognition begins

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional Intelligence

emotional signals about relationships are understood, including how they might change w/ time &events

implications of emotions &their feelings &meanings are considered

Emotional Intelligence

thoughts promote emotional, intellectual &personal growth

management encourages openness to feelings

Sigmund Freud

Hysteria &Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic Model of Personality

Id

Innate drivers: hunger, sex, thirst

Pleasure principle 

Has capacity to be selfish &violent

At birth, contain primitive drive

Personl gratification

Psychodynamic Model of Personality

Ego

mediates between id &ego

acts as person's "self"

age 2, baby believes urges cannot be fullfilled, act as person's self; allows person to act

Psychodynamic Model of Personality

Superego

moral rules &restrictions

conscience

learned from society, internalized rules

right &wrong, doesn't think realistically, just want moral perfection

Ego Mechanism

Sublimation

Ego Mechanism

Displacement

Ego Mechanism

Raionlization

Ego Mechanism

Denial

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

Phallic Stage

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

3-6 years old

Oedipus &Electra complexes lead to identification w/ same sex parent [opposite sex fight for opposite sex parent attention; conflic resolves when child identifies w/ same sex parents]

added collective unconscious-- our shared storehose of memories that have been passed on across generations

proposed set of symbols &associations that were culturally universal

Neo-Freduian Theories-- less emphasis on sexuality as driving force in personality 

humans are inherently good &rational

examined successful people that understand personality

Carl Rogers &Abraham Maslow

Carl Roger's Humanisitc Theory of Personality

Self-Actualization

Basic Human Need: Need for Self-Actualization

Others' Reponses: Unconditioned Positive Regard

Carl Rogers' Humanistic Theory of Personality

Self-Discrepancies

Basic Human Needs: Need for Positive Regard

Others Responses: Conditioned Positive Regard

stable personality characteristic

often clustered together

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness 

Neuroticism

Openess

The Big Five

Fantasy

Aesthetics

Feelings

Actions

Ideas

Values

Competence

Order

Dutifulness

Achievement-striving

Self-Discipline

Deliberation

Warmth

Gregariousness

Assertiveness

Activity

Excitement-Seeking

Positive Emotion

Trust

Straightforwardness

Altruism

Compliance

Modesty

Tender-mindedness

Anxiety

Angry hostility

Depression

Self-consciousness

Impulsiveness

Vulnerability

emphasized learning as an important influence on personality development

B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning

Flexible &subject to change

personality is shaped in social contests &behavior is shaped &rewarded by interactions w/ others

Locus of Control

Reciprocal Determinism

If-Then Relationships

differences in people's responses to novel or challenging stimuli

related to introversion &neuroticism

involves ability to control attention &inhibit responding to stimuli

associated w/ conscientiousness

taps into feelings &beliefs

participants view abstract/ambiguous situations &are asksed to describe what they see

Projective Tests

Rorschach

projective tests used by psychologists psychiatrists

limited evidence for reliability &validity

individuals are asked to make up a story about each picture, what led up to the scene &how the story ends

stronger evidence

use overt self-report questionnaries as measures of personality

Reliable &Valid

Problematic for personality traits not available to consciousness

requires awareness that one is separate from environment

contents of one's mind are different from other's minds

lists of characteristics one identifies w/ self

Ex) abilities, roles, physical characteristics, personality traits

Measured through "20 statements tests"

experiment w/ 3 participants in Cyberball game

2 continue playing, excluding 1 person

Rejection: increased social distressed within observed exclusions of Cyberball game is strongly&positively coorelated w/ higher levels of activity in anterior cingulate cortex; brain activity similar to physical pain

perceptions formed about others based on group membership;

race, gender, age, socioeconomic status, height, weight, disabilities, attractiveness, sexual orientation, religion - negative feelings

Group A: 1st math exam had gender differences on exam, 2nd math exam had no gender differences on Exam

Group B: 1st math exam had no gender differences on exam, 2nd math exam had gender differences on exam

Results: when participants were told test yielded gender differences, women underperformed

but

when participants were told test did not yet yield gender differenes, women performance = men performance

measures subconscious prejudices

assigns targets to left or right side of screen

people who are slower to respond to one pairing than the other are presumed to be more prejudice

favorable/unfavorable evluations that predispose behavior

Affect: prejudice; emotional responses to object

Behavior: discrimination; way people respond to object

Cognition: stereotypes; beliefs about the object

High accuracy motivation

Knowledgable about topic

Undivided attention

Low time pressure

Lasting persuasion

Low accuracy motivation

Unfamiliar topic

Divided attention

High time pressure

Transient persuasion

agreeing to a request from a person who is not necessarily an authority figure/reflects desire to cooperate w/ others &support relationship partners

compliance w/ request of an authority figure

Milgram Study

Standford Prison Experiment

highest falling in love

refers to the closeness or bonding we experience w/ anothe rperson

w/out passion or commitment is characteristic of most friendships

liking

includes sexual attraction &romance

characterizes an infatuation or "love at first sight"

describes intent to maintain relationship over time

along describe the situation in which a person remains loyal to a partner whose health makes intimacy &passion no longer possible

Liking = Intimacy

Romantic Love = Intimacy + Passion

Infatuation = Passion

Fautous (foolish) Love = Passion + Commitment

Empty Love = Commitment

Companionate = Intimacy + Commitment

Consummate Love = Intimacy + Passion + Commitment

openess self disclosure

spend more time together, building a shared history, provides stronger basis for understanding each other

engaging in novel &exciting activities

syndrome characterized by significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior to reflect a dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental function

associated w/ distress or disability in social, occupation or other activities

abnormal behavior in physical disease or damage

depression as result of chemical imbalance in brain, attention deficit disorder is outcome of brain immaturity

puts greater emphasis on experience, learning &other environmental factors

Freudian

3 components:

Behavioral: avoidance

Subjective: cognitive

Physiological Arousal: physical changes

sudden, extreme experience of fear or intense discomfort

peaks within minutes

at least 1 attack has been followed by 1+ month of worrying about having an attack or consequences, or maladaptive change in behavior related to attack (avoiding situations)

fear of going to places where they can't escape and familiar people aren't there to help and is often comorbid w/ panic attacks

avoid anxiety provoking situations

an extreme fear of being evaluated and critizied by others

avoid anxiety provoking situations

anxious individuals- increased attention to dangerous cues

What causes them to attend neutral/threatening stimuli

strength of ignals from PFC and amygdala

requires specific cause: life threatening, traumatic event that one responds/ reacts to w/ fear, helplessness or horror

combat, physical experiences (car accidents/ natural disasters)

Obsession: thoughts, ideas impulses or images that are intrusive &inappropriate (contamination)

Compulsion: behavior to relieve distress of obsession (cleaning)

people w/ depression have certain attributes

when good thing happens -- make external, unstable, specific attributions

bad things happen -- make internal, stable, global attributions

genetic

dysregulation of serotonin &norepinephrine

high levels of activity in right prefrontal cortex

depressive episodes alternate w/ manic episodes

Manic episodes: extremely elevated/positive mood, grandiosity, low need for sleep (3 hrs), rapid speech, difficultry concentrating, rapid changes in thought

physiological symptoms, such as pain, gastrointenstinal upset, sexual problems, breathing problems, unexplained sensory/motor problems that are not explained by underlying medical cause

Freud-hysteria cause by wandering uterus

disorder lasts for @least 6 months, 1 month of active symptoms

Delusions

Hallucinations

Disorganized speech

Disorganized/catatonic behavior

Negative symptonms (low emotional expression &motivation)

Biology: strong gentic link, enlarge ventricles in brain, excessive dopamine that causes hallucinations &delusions; dopamine atangonists reduce symptoms

Schizophrenia

abnormal sensory expeirences

most common: auditory (voices), 2nd visual (seeing)

Schizophrenia

go from one subject to next quickly, tangential, makes up own words

schizophrenia

ranged from dishelved (poor hygiene) to agitated, inappropriate behavior, laughing when sad

pattern of experience &behavior, deviates from culture, inflexible &pervasic, has onset in adolescence/early adulthood, stable over time&leads to distress/impairment

Causes: genetic link, brain activity, less activity associated w/ negative emotion (amygdala), environment, history of maltreatment

self-centeredness, lack empathy/remorse, shallow, superficial emotions, deceitfulness, manipulative behavior, impulsivity

Ex) Serial Killer Ted Bundy

Not all criminals show signs of this, not all people that have this are criminials

instability relationship w/ others, self image, emotions, fear of abandoment, recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures or threats or self-mutilating behavior

Causes: evidence of genetic link, environment, history of abandoment, neglect or physical/sexual abuse

deficits in social communication &interaction

difficulty engaging in back&forth convo, reduced sharing of interests, poor eye contact, deficits in developing, understanding &maintaining relationships

repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities &motor movements (line up toys) extreme distress when small changes in routine, intense interests, highly sensitive to sensory input

symptoms present in early development*

prevalence increased

pattern of inattention &hyperactivity-impulsitivity that interferes w/ functioning/development; fails to give close attention to details; difficultry sustanining attention; doesnt listen when spoken to; doesnt follow instructions; difficulty organizing tasks; often loses things; easily distracted

fidgest/squirms in seat, leaves often, unable to be quite, blurts out answer, impatient, interrupts others

Causes: genetic link, brain activity, associated w/ slow development of cortext (esp frontal cortex) 

medications increase dopamine activity

individual clinical expertise, best scientific evidence, patient values &expectations

5 Steps: Construct Answerable Questions

Review Literature

Critically Evaluate Science

Consider Patient Symptoms, Values

Determine Treatment, Evaluate outcomes

original form of talk therapy, Sigmund Freaud