Term
| What is Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Associative learning. After repeated exposure to 2 stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate them with each other. (lightning & thunder) |
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Term
| What is Operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Associative learning. adjusting to consequences of behavior so we can learn to do more of what works and less of what doesnt work. |
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Term
| What is cognitive learning? |
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Definition
acquiring new behaviors/info mentally rather than direct experience. Occurs by 10 observing events and behavior of others.
2) using language to acquire info about events experienced by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| term used by John B. Watson (classical conditioning) and B.F. Skinner (operant) Both believed mental life less important than behavior. |
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Term
| Define neutral stimuli and give an example. |
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Definition
| stimuli that doesn't trigger a responce. ex: dog hearing a bell |
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Term
| Define unconditioned stimulus and responce |
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Definition
a stimulus that triggers a responce naturally before/without any conditioning.
UCS: dog food
UCR: Dog sees food and salivates |
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Term
| Define Conditioned responce and stimulus |
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Definition
Conditioned Stimuli: Neutral stimulus that is given a meaning by being preceeded or followed by UCS
Conditioned responce:when two things go together for long enough, you automatically expect them to go together and respond accordingly. |
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Term
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Definition
initial stage of learning/conditioning.
The association btw neutral stim. and unconditioned stim.
Acquisition occurs when:
UR is triggered by a CS, so the UR now becomes a CR. |
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Term
| Define extinction and spontaneous recovery as they relate to classical conditioning. |
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Definition
Extinction- diminishing of a conditioned responce when US stops appearing with CS, CR decreases
Spontaneous recovery: Return of a conditioned responce after extinction and then a pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to have CR triggered by related stimuli. (More similar stuff triggers CR) |
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Term
| What is discrimination in classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| learned ability to only repond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization. (less similar stuff makes you not have CR) |
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Term
| Discuss Watson's work with classical conditioning (Little Albert) |
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Definition
showed baby a rat (NS), wasn't scared (URC).
Made a loud noise (UCS), cried (UCR).
Showed baby a rat (NS) and made loud noise at same time (UCS), baby cried (UCR)
Show baby just the rat (now CS), no noise (CR) |
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Term
| What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? |
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Definition
Reinfocement: leads to an increase in behavior
Punishment: leads to decrease in behavior. |
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Term
| What is Thorndikes Law of Effect? |
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Definition
| behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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Term
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Definition
any feedback from the environment that makes a behavior more likely to occur.
Positive: adding something desirable
Negative: Ending something unpleasant |
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Term
| What is a primary reinforcer? |
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Definition
| stimulus that meets a basic need or is intrinsically desirable such as food, sex, fun, attention, or power |
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Term
| What is a secondary/conditioned reinforcer? |
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Definition
| stimulus (like money) which has become associated with other reinforcers |
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Term
| What is shaping by successive approximations? |
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Definition
| when someone isnt likely to perform a behavior you are trying to teach, reward behavior that comes closer and closer to desired (tapping pens) |
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Term
| What is discrimination in operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| ability to become more and more specific in what situations trigger a responce. |
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Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
| give a reinforcer after every correct performance of the behavior. (faster) |
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Term
| What is partial reinforcement? |
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Definition
| give reinforcers only some of the time for correctly performed behavior. behavior persists longer w/o reward |
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Term
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Definition
has opposite effects of reinforcement. consequence makes targeted behavior less likely to occur in the future.
positive: add something negative
negative: take away something pleasant |
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Term
| What is the role of biology in classical conditioning? |
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Definition
easier to learn associations that make sense for survival.
food aversions can be acquired if UR doesnt immediately follow NS. |
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Term
| What is the role of biology in operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| encounters biological tendencies and limits that are difficult to override. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning without trying to learn and without rewards. |
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Term
| What are the 2 processes of learning by observation? |
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Definition
modeling: an example of how to respond to a situation
vicarious conditioning: choices affected as we see others get consequences for their behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that fire in the same patterns while we watch something happen to someone as they would if it were happening to us. (basis for observational learning) |
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Term
| What is vicarious reinforcement? |
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Definition
| see someone do something and get rewarded, so you do that same thing and hope you get a reward too. |
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Term
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Definition
Encoding: info gets into brain
Storage: info held in a way that allows it to be retrieved later
retrieval: reactivating/recalling info, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded. |
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Term
| What is the difference between automatic processing and effortful processing? |
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Definition
Auto: implicit memories (cereb)- formed without awareness that we are building a memory and without rehearsal
Effort: explicite memory (hippo)- formed through studying, rehearsing, thinking, processing, and storing in long term memory |
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Term
| What are chunking, mnemonics, and hierarchies? |
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Definition
Chunking: organizing data into manageable units
Mnemonics: connecting info to existing memory strengths such as imagery of structure
Hierarchies: branching/nested set of categories and sub-categories |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of 3-4 second echo or 1/20th of a second image |
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Term
| What is Iconic memory and echoic memory? |
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Definition
Echoic: being able to remember the last few things you hear so you can put them together and make sense of them
Iconic: being able to see individual pictures as a smooth transition of movement (movie) |
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Term
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Definition
When info from sensory memory is sent to short term memory.
you can remember 7 -+ 2 bits of info in short term memory |
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Term
| What is long term potentiation? |
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Definition
| change in synapses where signals are sent more effectively. |
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Term
| How do stress hormones affect memory? |
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Definition
| hormones trigger activity in amygdala located next to memory forming hippocampus. amygdala increases memory forming activity and engages frontal lobes to tag memories as important. |
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Term
| What is a flashbulb memory? |
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Definition
| emotionallt intense events that become burned in as a vivid seeming memory |
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Term
| What role does the cerebellum play in memory? |
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Definition
| forms and stores conditioned responces. (phobias, muscle memory) |
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Term
| What role does the hippocampus play in memory? |
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Definition
| responsible for explicite memories |
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