Term
| Describe storm and stress |
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Definition
-proposed in 1904 by G. Stanley Hall
-view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
-study in 1988 displayed that 73% had a healthy self image, rather than storm and stress |
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Term
| Describe the timing of puberty |
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Definition
-time between first onrush on hormones and full physical adult development (3-5 years)
-occurs from 8-14 (avg 9 and 11)
boys:10-17
girls:9-15 |
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Term
| Describe the factors affecting puberty |
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Definition
-genes
-stress
-body fat (nutrition) |
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Term
| Describe the effects of entering puberty too soon or too late |
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Definition
Too soon:
Boys- positive self image, successful in peer relationships
Girls-more likely to smoke, drink, sex, eating disorder, have older friends, graduate less from high school
Too late:
Boys-difficult during adolescence but later in life have a strong sense of identity |
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Term
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Definition
Girls: less happy with their bodies; body fat
Boys: more satisfied; muscle mass |
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Term
| Describe eating disorders |
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Definition
Anorexia: <1% of girls
-pursuit of thinnees, white upper middle class, competitive girls
-skinny
Bulimia: binge and purge pattern
-excessive eating followed by vomiting or taking laxatives
-normal body shape
(twice a week for 3 months)
Binge Eating:
-compulsive overeating
-obese |
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Term
| Describe body rhythms in puberty |
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Definition
Circadian rhythm: sleep cycle
-puberty disrupts it
-leds to sleep deprivation
-delay the release of melatonin
9:30-10:30 |
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Term
| Describe uneven brain growth in puberty |
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Definition
Corpus callosum:develops quicker, thickens, improves
-information processing
Prefrontal cortex: doesn't develop til 18-25
-decision making and self control
Amygdala: matures earlier than prefrontal
-emotions
*limbic then prefrontal |
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Term
| Describe the invincibility fable |
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Definition
-part of adolescent egocentrism
-sense of uniqueness and invincibility
"No one understands me"
"I won't get pregnant" |
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Term
| Describe imaginary audience |
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Definition
-belief that others are as interested in them as they are
-think that they are on a stage |
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Term
| Describe formal operational thought |
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Definition
-Piaget's final stage
-systematic logic, abstract ideas
-hypothetical deductive thought
-deductive and inductive reasoning |
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Term
Describe the dual process model:
1. intuitive thought
2. analytic thought |
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Definition
1. quick, feels right, gut feeling
2. rational reasoning
*logic is more difficult; emotional conclusions are hard to change |
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Term
| Describe Erkison's adolescence crisis |
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Definition
Identity vs diffusion
-adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they like, and where they are going in life |
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Term
Describe Marcia's theory
1. Identity Diffusion
2. Foreclosure
3. Moratorium
4. Achievement |
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Definition
*Exploration rather than crisis
1. no crisis, no commitment- doesn't care
2. no crisis, commitment- chosen for them
3. crisis, no commitment-still deciding
4. crisis, commitment-ready to move on |
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Term
| Describe the old vs new model of parent-adolescent relationships |
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Definition
Old: autonomy, detachment, worlds are isolated, intense stressful conflict, storm
New: attachment and autonomy, parents are support systems, worlds are connected, moderate conflict, greater in adolescence |
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Term
| Describe conflict at home, including pattern over time |
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Definition
ecalates in early adolescence, stabilizes in high school, lessens around 17-20
-better if they go away for college |
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Term
| Describe Parental monitoring and its impact |
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Definition
-parents try to monitor more children push for autonomy
-parents should let go and be a guide
-secure attachment is helpful |
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Term
| Describe Crowds vs Cliques |
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Definition
Crowds: larger cliques
-less personal
-members based on reputation and don't spend as much time together
ex. jocks, druggies
Cliques: small groups
-2-12 people; average is 5-6
-engage in similar activities
-not always friends to start |
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Term
| Describe the Stages of Dating |
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Definition
11-13: enter into romantic attractions; crushes, group dates
14-16: exploring romantic relationships; casual dating and group dating
17-19: consolidating romantic bonds; more serious |
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Term
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Definition
-peaks around 8th and 9th grade
-those who are unsure about their identify are more likely to conform |
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Term
| Describe Rites of passage |
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Definition
-ceremony or ritual that signifies an individual's transition into adulthood
-dramatic practices intended to facilitate separation from parents
ex. Bar Mitzvah, graduation |
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Term
| Describe strong and attractive bodies |
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Definition
-muscle growth and shape change
-increase strength in 20s
-body systems peak (eyesight, hearing)
-most look vital, attractive |
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Term
| Describe the importance of exercise and the recommended amount |
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Definition
-helps avoid disease such as diabetes and heart disease
-improves mental health (self concept and reduces anxiety)
-30 mins of aerobic recommended each day |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of emerging adults |
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Definition
-economic independence
-responsibility
-marriage in other cultures
-identity
-instability
-self focus
-in between
-possibilites |
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Term
| Describe delay discounting |
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Definition
inability to resist temptation of a smaller immediate reward rather than a larger reward in the future
-relates to drug abuse and casual sex in emerging adults |
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Term
| Describe Post formal thought |
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Definition
-no major neurological changes
-can depend on circumstances
Characteristics:
-understanding that the correct answer requires reflective thinking
-solutions need to be realistic
-emotions can influence decisions
-combines subject/objective thought |
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Term
| Describe Subjective and Objective thought and Emotions and logic |
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Definition
-part of post formal thought
Subjective: depends on perceiver
Objective: black and white
-emotions and logic are consolidated in post formal thought |
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Term
| Describe Perry's theory of the development of cognition in emerging adulthood |
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Definition
-adolescents view world as good/bad, right/wrong
-adults move away from absolutism
-involved reflective, realistic thinking |
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Term
| Describe Cognitive/Intellectual Flexibility |
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Definition
-perspective of many; other people have opinions
-problems have multiple solutions
-knowledge is dynamic
-gain ability to work together
-counter stereotypes |
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Term
| Describe Dialectical Thinking |
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Definition
-using two competing ideas to form one synthesized idea
-change is continuous
-helps deal with inconsistencies |
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Term
| Describe Fowler's stages of faith |
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Definition
Stage 1: intuitive-projective (3-7)
Stage 2: mythic-literal (7-11)
Stage 3: synthetic conventional (11-13)
Stage 4: Individual-reflective (16-?)
Stage 5: Conjunctive; more blind faith, balancing rational and emotional
Stage 6: Universalizing |
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Term
| Describe the impact of college on cognition |
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Definition
-intellectual challenges
-promotes deeper thought |
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Term
| Describe the impact of early secure attachment on adult outcomes |
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Definition
-attachment during infancy plays important role
-securely attached infants are more likely to be securely attached in romantic relationships |
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Term
| Describe attachment types in adults |
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Definition
Secure: positive views of relationships, get close to others easily, not stressed
Avoidant: hesitant about relationships, tend to distance from partners (fearful or dismissing)
Anxious: demand closeness, less trusting, are more emotional and jealous; resistant/ambivalent |
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Term
| Describe Erikson's crisis for emerging adulthood |
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Definition
Intimacy vs isolation
-finding oneself while losing oneself in another
-inability to develop meaningful relationships leads to isolation |
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Term
| Describe gender differences in friendship |
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Definition
-most have a best friend of the same gender
-women have more close friendships
-women have more disclosure and mutual support
-women share more aspects of experiences and are more emotionally intimate
-relationships go deeper and wider |
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Term
| Describe Sternberg's dimensions of love |
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Definition
-triarchic theory
-passion, intimacy, commitment |
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Term
| Describe the impact of cohabitation |
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Definition
-does not have successful results in marriage
*unless couples are engaged
-low rates of marital satisfaction and higher divorce rate |
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Term
| Describe Gottman's theory of making love work |
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Definition
1. Establish love maps- understand where they are; expressing fondness and admiration
2. Turn toward each other-see each other as friends; respect and appreciate the others point of view
3. Let your partner influence you-share the power; compromise
4. Create shared meaning-share goals and work together to achieve goals |
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Term
| Describe the benefits of a good marriage |
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Definition
-live longer, healthier lives
-less stressed
-less physical and psychological problems |
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Term
| Describe the pros and cons of early/late parenthood |
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Definition
Early:
more physical energy, mother is less likely to have physical problems, not as high expectations
Later: parents have more time to achieve goals, more mature, financially stable, established careers |
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Term
Describe the following:
1. Report talk
2. Rapport talk |
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Definition
1. designed to give information
-as in public speaking
-men prefer
2. language of conversation
-establishes and connects relationships
-women prefer |
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