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Psych Exam III
Intelligence, Emotion, motivation, and development
78
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/17/2009

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Term
Intelligence
Definition
a hypothetical mental ability that enabled people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences
Term
Ratio IQ
Definition
a statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical-socioeconomic status age and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Term
Deviation IQ
Definition
a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100
Term
Prodigy
Definition
a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
Savant
Definition
a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability
Term
Alfred Binet
Definition
psychologist;
developed first intelligence test to determine which students would need remedial education
Term
Stanford –Binet
Definition
predicted a child's scholastic performance
Term
WAIS
Definition
(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
2 kinds of tests
12 Sub tests
verbal and arithmetic reasoning
Term
Robert Sternberg
Definition
3 forms of intelligence
analytical: ability to identify and define problems and define strategies
creative: ability to generate solutions that other people are not
practical: ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday settings
Term
Shared environment
Definition
environmental factors that are experienced by all relevant members of a household
Term
Non-shared environment
Definition
environmental factors that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household
Term
The heritability coefficient
Definition
a statistic (commonly denoted as h2) that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup
Term
monozygotic
Definition
identical twins; twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm
Term
dizygotic
Definition
twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
the ability to process information
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
the accuracy and amount of information available for processing
Term
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Definition
Howard Gardiner; 7-9 forms of intelligences ;verbal, logical-mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily, intrapersonal, naturalistic, exestintial/ spiritual
Term
Two-factor theory of intelligence
Definition
Spearman;theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal
Term
Emotions
Definition
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
Term
Multidimensional Scaling of Emotions:
Definition
Arousal (high - low)
Valence (negative - positive)
Term
Appraisal
Definition
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala
Term
Emotional Regulation
Definition
The use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience
Term
Reappraisal
Definition
a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus
Term
Emotional Expression
Definition
any observable sign of an emotional state
Term
Universality Hypothesis
Definition
suggests that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
Term
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Definition
hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional expressions can cause the emotional experience they signify
Term
Display Rules
Definition
norms for the control of emotional expression
Term
Intensification
Definition
exaggerating the expression of one's emotion
Term
De-intensification
Definition
muting the expression of one's emotion
Term
Masking
Definition
expressing one emotion while feeling another
Term
Neutralizing
Definition
feeling an emotion but displaying no expression
Term
How would you summarize the research on the usefulness of the lie detector?
Definition
Although the polygraph can detect lies at a rate “better than chance” the error rates are dangerously high
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
Term
Bulimia
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
Term
Anorexia
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restrictions of food intake
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward
Term
Conscious Motivation
Definition
: a motivation of which one is aware of.
Term
Unconscious motivation
Definition
a motivation of which one is not aware
Term
Approach Motivation
Definition
a motivation to experience positive outcomes
Term
Avoidance Motivation
Definition
a motivation not to experience negative outcome
Term
Who was “Adi?” Why is his emotional and social development so interesting?
Definition
“Adi” was Adolph Hitler
his emotional and social development showed dramatic transformation from childhood to adulthood
Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
the study of continuity and change across the life span
Term
Zygote
Definition
a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
Term
Germinal Stage
Definition
the 2-week period of prenatal development the begins at conception
Term
Embryonic Stage
Definition
the period of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week
Term
Fetal State
Definition
the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth
Term
cephalocaudal Rule
Definition
the “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
Term
Proximodistal Rule
Definition
the “inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
Term
Teratogens
Definition
agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses
Term
FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Definition
developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
Term
Jean Piaget/Cognitive Development/4 stages
Definition
Swiss Biologist
cognitive development: the emergence of the ability to understand the world
4 Stages of Cognitive Development
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
Term
Conservation
Definition
the notion that the properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
Term
Egocentrism
Definition
the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
Term
Attachment
Definition
the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
Term
Mary Ainsworth/Strange Situation Test
Definition
strange situation test: a behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style
Term
Erik Erikson Social/Emotional Development/8 stages
Definition
stages characterized by the major task confronting the individual at the stage.
Major task of adolescence was the development of an adult identity
children define themselves in terms of their relationships with parents and siblings
adolescence marks shift in emphasis from family relationships to peer relationships
Term
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Definition
younger adults are generally oriented toward the acquisition of information that will be useful to them in the future (reading the newspaper), whereas older adults are generally oriented toward information that brings emotional satisfaction in the present (reading novels)
Term
Sexual Orientation
Definition
Biology plays a key role in determining sexual orientation
Sexual orientation is not a simple matter of choice
Term
Personality
Definition
an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Term
MMPI
Definition
(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory): a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
Term
TAT
Definition
(Thematic Apperception Test): a projective personality test which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.
Term
Rorschach
Definition
inkblot test – a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure
Term
The “Big Five”
Definition
The five dimensions of personality
traits of the five-factor model: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extroversion
Term
Psychodynamic Approach
Definition
an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness -motives that can also produce emotional disorders
Term
Freud’s psychosexual stages
Definition
psychosexual stages: distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
Term
Defense Mechanism
Definition
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unaccepted impulses.
Term
Rationalization
Definition
a DEFENSE MECHANISM
supplying a reasonable sounding explaintion for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings
Term
Projection
Definition
A DEFENSE MECHANISM
attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
Term
Regression
Definition
A DEFENSE MECHANISM
the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived treat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
Term
Oedipus complex
Definition
a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same sex parent
Term
Social Cognitive Approach
Definition
an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
Term
Rotter’s “locus of control”
Definition
a person 's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics
Term
Self-esteem:
Definition
the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
Term
Self-verification
Definition
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
Term
Self-serving bias
Definition
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures
Term
Narcissism
Definition
trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others
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