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Psych Exam 2
Exam 2
33
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/11/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Two types of Learning
Definition
  • Classical conditioning

          (Pavlov and Watson)

 

  • Operant conditioning
           (Skinner's emphasis)
 
Term
Skinner says...
Definition

that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.

 

(rewards and punsihments) 

Term

positive reinforcement

 

negative reinforcement    

Definition

behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occuring in the future

 

 

a behavior that reduces an aversive stimulus also results in an increased probability of that behavior occuring in the future

Term
schedules of reinforcement 
Definition
  • continuous reinforcement
  • fixed ratio (every x times)
  • fixed interval (every x minutes)
  • variable ratio
  • variable interval
Term
learned responses are lost by...
Definition

simple forgetting

 interference of preceding/subsequent learning

 extinction

punishment 

Term
extinction   
Definition
a behavior no longer reinforced, a decreased probability of that begavior occuring in the future
Term
punishment 
Definition
a behavior followed by an aversive stimulus of the removal of a positive one can result in a decreased probability of the behavior occuring in the future
Term
3 forces that explain human behavior 
Definition
  1. natural selection
  2. cultural evolution
  3. individual reinforcement history
Term
classical conditioning
Definition

attachment process

comfort foods

physiological processes

phobias 

Term
operant conditioning
Definition
parent-child interaction, behavior in workplace, etc
Term
perceived self efficacy
Definition
belief about one's ability to perform a particular behavior
Term
Kelly's Personal Construct Theory  
Definition
a person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events
Term
Kelly's Commonality Corollary
Definition
If two people have similar construct systems, they will be psychologically similar
Term

anxiety

 

(kelly) 

Definition
not being able to understand and predict life's events
Term

Albert Bandura supported... _______ learning

Definition
Observational Learning
Term

self-efficacy

(Bandura) 

Definition
belief that you have the ability to execute a course of action to achieve a goal.
Term
According to Eysenck introverts have _______(more/less) cortical arousal in everyday encounters, than extroverts.
Definition

introverts are MORE aroused.

Extroverts are less aroused on a daily basis, therefore they seek out socially stimluating activities 

(more sensitive to things on an everyday basis, their baseline arousal is higher than extroverts) 

Term
We've moved away from Eysenck's views recently because....
Definition

We can't describe personality with just 3 factors (PEN)

 not much support for his studies

 impulsivity is a factor for describing biologically based individual differences, rather than just Extroversion and Neuroticism

Term

temperament

(defined by Kagan) 

Definition

temperament refers to stable behavioral and emotional reactions that appear early and are influenced in part by genetic constitution 

Term

two behavioral profiles in temperament

(as defined by Kagan) 

Definition

inhibited

  • reacts to unfamiliarity with restraint, avoidance, distress
  • takes longer to relax
  • more unusual fears, phobias

 uninhibited 

  • is not stressed by unfamiliar situations, as much as inhibited child
  • responds with spontaneity, laughter, and smiles 
Term
amygdala
Definition

area of the brain associated with fear response

part of the primitive limbic system

important for aversive emotiional learning 

Term
frontal cortex 
Definition
invovled in regulating emotional response, by influencing the funtioning of the amygdala
Term
BAS
Definition

Rewards work better to activate behavior

Gray's (Behavioral Activation System)

Term
BIS
Definition

punishments work better

 inhibits bad behavior

Gray's (Behavioral Inhibition System) 

Term
which hemisphere shows to be more associated with introverts?
Definition
right hemisphere
Term
hemispheric lateralization 
Definition

dominance of the right frontal hemisphere associated with activation of negative emotions and personality traits of shyness and inhibition;

dominance of the left frontal frontal hemisphere assciated with the activation of positive emotion and personality traits of boldness and disinhibition

Term
dopamine
Definition

a neurotransmitter associated with reward, reinforcement, pleasure

high levels: positive emotions, high energy, disinhibition, and impulsivity

low levls: lethargy, anxiety, and constriction

drugs can alter this 

Term
serotonin
Definition

neurotransmitter involved in mood, irritability, and impulsivity.

Low serotonin levels: associated with depression but also with violence and impulsivity.

SSRIs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-Zoloft, prozac, paxil- used to treat depression as well as phobias and obsessive compulsive disorders 

Term
cortisol
Definition

stress-related hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that facilitates reactions to threat.

stress-fighting, antiinflammatory hormone

Term
testosterone
Definition
a hormone important in the development of secondary sex characteristics and also associated with dominance, competitiveness, and aggression
Term
plasticity
Definition
ability of parts of the neurobiological system to change, temporarily and for extended periods of time, within limits set by genes, to meet current adaptive demands, and as a result of experience
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