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Psych - Chapter 8
Memory
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
02/24/2010

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Term
Memory
Definition
Retention of information overtime
Term
Encoding
Definition
Getting information into memory
Term
Storage
Definition
Holding information in memory overtime
Term
Retrieval
Definition
Getting information out of memory
Term
Automatic processing
Definition

Space, time, sequence, frequency

 

Ex: What you did throughout the day, where something is located

Term
Effortful processing
Definition
Learning something from paying attention and providing effort producing durable and accessible memories from 
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition

Effortful processing

Not a deep form of memory

Repeating, not thinking about the meaning

 

Serial Position Effects

Primacy Effect

Recency Effect

Term
Serial Position Effect
Definition
You remember things depending on where they are in a list
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Remembering things at the beginning of a list
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Remembering things at the end of a list
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition

Effortful processing

 

Thinking about the meaning of what you're memorizing

 

Deeper Processing

Self-Reference Effect

Term
Deeper Processing
Definition
The more you think about it the more you'll remember it
Term
Self-Reference Effect
Definition
Linking something to your own experiences, deepest processing
Term
Spacing Effect
Definition

Effort Processsing

 

We remember more if we study it over a distributed periods opposed to cramming the night before

Term
Information Processing Model of Memory
Definition

1) Sensory Memory

2) Short Term Memory

3) Long Term Memory

 

Information must pass through the 3 stages before something is fully memorized

Term
Sensory Memory
Definition

Brief, identification

 

Hold information in our memory long enough to understand what you're sensing

 

Term
Short Term Memory
Definition

What we're currently thinking about

Limited amount of room, generally lasts 18-30 seconds

 

Working memory

Storage Capacity - Immediate Memory Span/Magic Number

Term
Working memory
Definition

Mental manipulation

 

Hold information in our memory while manipulating it

Solve problems, plan ahead, add numbers

Term
Immediate Memory Span
Definition
Maximum number of items that can be recalled perfectly after one presentation
Term
Magic Number
Definition
7 items +/- 2
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition

Believed to be permanent

Explicit vs implicit

Episodic vs Semantic

Priming

Classical Conditioning

 

Term
Explicit Memories
Definition

Declarative

 

Conscious memory of facts and experiences

Episodic vs Semantic

Term
Episodic Memories
Definition

Explicit memory

 

Personal experiences

 

Ex: Birthday parties, something you and  your friends did

Term
Semantic Memories
Definition

Explicit Memory

 

Worldy knowledge/facts

 

Not tied to a specific event

Term
Implicit Memory
Definition

Unconscious memory

 

Remembering something without trying to recall it

 

Ex: Procedural skills that are routinely performed, 

Classical Conditioning

Term
Priming
Definition

Part of implicit memory

 

Present something subliminally and it influences their response

Term
Recall (Retrieval)
Definition
Retrieving information without aids or clues
Term
Recognition (Retrieval)
Definition
Retrieval with hints and clues
Term
Network of Associations
Definition

Things that are more closely associated with each other have a stronger connection

 

Cues activate related concepts and neurons

Term
Spreading Activation
Definition
Words or concepts that cue us into a different word or concept
Term
Context-dependent memory
Definition
You remember more information if you're in the same environment where you first learned the information
Term
State dependent memory
Definition
Our memory for an event is aided if we are in the same physiological or emotional state
Term
Mood congruency effect
Definition
If you are happy, you remember happy memories. If you are sad, you remember sad memories
Term
Encoding failure
Definition

Never encoded information in the first place so we never put it into memory

 

Ex: Something trivial or not important

Term
Storage decay
Definition

Fading of unused memories

 

Ebbinghaus and the forgetting curve - He memorized nonsense syllables and measures how fast it took him to forget. 

In the first hour he forgot the most and then it stabilized after that

Term
Retrieval failure
Definition

Due to interference of another memory

Evidence: You can relearn something or use cues to remember it

Term
Proactive Interference
Definition

Old information interferes with the retrieval of new

 

Ex: Writing the old year instead of the new year

Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition

New info interferes with the old

 

Ex: New knowledge of new names might interfere with old names from high school

Languages you learned in high school might be harder to remember if you learn a new language in college

Term
Forgetting in Short Term Memory
Definition
Due to a decay or displacement of memory
Term
Forgetting in Long Term Memory
Definition

Something in long term memory is believed to be there forever

 

If forgotten, it is due to interference or a retrieval problem

Term
Motivated Forgetting
Definition
Automatic self censoring for events that are mildly embarrassing or painful
Term
Memory Construction
Definition

Memory is subjective and easily influenced by preconceptions and later events continually revising

 

Term
Schemas
Definition
Mental frameworks of knowledge about the world that organize concepts and information
Term
Schema Theory
Definition

Info is molded to fit into schemas

 We tend to notice/remember what fits in with our expectations even if it might not be true


Ex: Office experiment - Subjects are placed in an office and tend to remember things associated with an office, even if they might not be there, and they don't remember things that aren't usually in an office.

Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition

Memory is easily distorted by questions and suggestions

Children + Elderly more susceptible

Ex: Eye witness testimony - Are often wrong because things that weren't witnessed but mentioned after the fact can be incorporated into memory

Term
Lotus traffic accident experiment
Definition

People remembered a car accident differently if the researchers used different words to describe the accident 

 

Ex: Smashed vs collide

Term
Recovering Repressed Memories
Definition

May not be sure if it works

Hypnosis - Could be therapist asking leading questions

More likely to over-remember trauma than have it repressed

Term
Infantile Amnesia
Definition
Almost no one can remember anything before 3
Term
Flashbulb Memory
Definition

Particularly vivid memories usually involving where you were and what you were doing during a traumatic event

Does not mean they can't be incorrect or distorted

 

 

Term
Synaptic involvement in memory
Definition

New memories --> New synaptic connections

1) Long Term Potentiation

2) Acetylcholine

3) Hormones

4) Hippocampus

5) Cerebellum

 

Term
Long-term potentiation
Definition

Process of strengthening or sensitation of existing synapses

 

Neurons get used to be connected so signals travel faster

Term
Acetylcholine
Definition

Neurotransmitter involved in memory

Disappear in altzheimer's patients

Drugs that are agonists of acetylcholine help memory

Term
Hormones involvement in memory
Definition

Key hormone: Adrenaline

 

During stressful environments, adrenaline helps remember events generally for a short period. May hinder memory in the long term

Term
Hippocampus in memory
Definition
Short term memory - holds the memory before being transfered to long term
Term
Amygdala in memory
Definition
Consolidates memory and associates relevance due to emotions
Term
Frontal and temporal lobes in memory
Definition
Stores memory
Term
Cerebellum in memeory
Definition
Implicit memory --> Classical conditioning
Term
Anterograde Amnesia 
Definition

"Frozen in time"

Structure damaged: Hippocampus

Can't transfer memory from STM to LTM

Can't form explicit or semantic memories

Ex: If taught how to play tennis and forgot the next day, they won't remember the lessons but will be able to play naturally

Ex: HM

Term
H. M.
Definition

Person who had hippocampus removed on both sides because he was having seizures

 

Couldn't form new explicit LTM

Kept on being told the same thing or meeting the same people but forgot everytime

Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition

Amnesia for events prior to what caused it

Can't remember the past

Brain widely damaged

Memories can return/be recovered, the oldest memories tend to be recovered first but the memories right before the incident can never be recovered

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