Term
In sensory transduction, ____ receptors convert _____ energy to _____ firing. specializations/ types of sensory receptors exteroreceptors - ? telereceptors - ? proprioceptors - ? interoceptors - ? |
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Definition
sensory receptors convert stimulus E into neuronal firing. extero - stimuli on body like skin, tongue tele - distant stimuli like vision, hearing, smell proprio - sense self (like muscles, joints, etc) intero - sense internal organs |
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Term
What 4 properties of a stimulus are encoded in sensory neurons' activity? m___ p___ i___ t___ |
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Definition
modality (type of receptors) position (location of receptors & pattern/freq. of firing) intensity (how many receptors firing, freq. of activity timing (onset of firing) |
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Term
In most sensory systems: -receptors are _____ to detect ___ stimuli -info carried along _______ _______ -center-________ organization -decussation of sensory fibers -topographic representation, but distorted |
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Definition
optimized to detect diff. stimuli labeled lines center-surround org. |
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Term
| How does labeled lines theory explain why our mouths feel hot from eating really spicy foods even though there is no actual temperature change? |
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Definition
| Since perceived modality is fixed for any given receptor, if the ligand in spicy foods binds and stimulates receptors in the mouth that are designed to sense temperature change, the incoming signal will still be perceived by the brain as heat. |
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Term
| when sensory fibers are crossed so L side of body represented in R hemisphere of brain it's called ____ . |
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Definition
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Term
| In sensory magnification/distortion, why are certain parts of the body are over-represented in the sensory system? |
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Definition
Because those parts are more crucial to survival or are more likely to encounter stimuli. example: hands over-represented because we touch stuff all the time, less need for touch receptors on elbow where we (almost) rarely touch anything |
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Term
| in chemotaxis an organism directs ____ using ___ in the environment |
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Definition
| movement using chemicals in the env. |
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Term
| humans are microsmatic meaning their sense of ___ is poor compared to most mammals (in fact it's 1% brain weight for us compared to over 15% for some mammals) |
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Definition
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Term
Olfactory receptors have tiny hairs called ___ on them. Those hairs have receptor proteins on them that bind _____ molecules leading to __________ of the receptor. |
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Definition
hairs = cilia. bind odorant molecules depolarization |
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Term
Olfactory pathway: the olfactory axons terminate on dendrites of 2 kinds of cells in glomeruli. kind 1 = ? kind 2 = ? The axons of these 2 cell types project ______ to form the olfactory tract. |
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Definition
mitral and tufted cells caudally |
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Term
| Brain determines presence of a new smell using the primary ______ cortex. It determines WHAT the smell is afterward in the _____ cortex (AKA secondary olfactory area) |
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Definition
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Term
| olfactory ______ can be the result of ____ lobe seizures. |
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Definition
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Term
name the 4 main tastes. what substance is umami (5th 'taste') associated with? approx # of taste receptors in mouth? # tastes each receptor sensitive to? |
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Definition
bitter, sour, sweet, salty monosodium glutamate (MSG) ~ 10,000 receptors 1 taste per receptor |
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Term
Gustatory (taste) neurons: -pathway through dorsal _____ to thalamus -taste RECEPTORS sensitive to only one of five tastes -how are taste neurons less specific than taste receptors? |
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Definition
dorsal medulla neurons may respons more strongly to a given taste yet still respond to others |
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Term
| taste cortex is located in the parietal _______. Lesion there OR lesion of VPM ________ = loss of taste. |
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Definition
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Term
The cochlea is also called the organ of ______. ___ cells = primary sensory neurons. sound vibrations cause diff. parts of cochlea to move at diff. _________. |
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Definition
Corti hair cells frequencies |
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Term
Afferents affect the brain bcz they are headed ___ it. Efferents are effects of the brain bcz they are headed ___ it. |
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Definition
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Term
know last 2 steps of auditory pathway: - inferior colliculus -medial geniculate nucleus -[auditory cortex] |
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Definition
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Term
Amplitude (intensity) has units of ___ and is perceived as ________. Frequency's units are ___; perceived as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ (pitch) is used to identify what a sound is. pitch is coded neurally in a way that follows topographic maps; analgous to retinotopic, etc.: tones that are only a note apart correspond to _____________ neurons. |
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Definition
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Term
Sound localization. in horiz. plane: interaural time or the ____ ____ between the 2 ears is used in vert. plane: ______ difference is used. |
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Definition
time delay intensity difference |
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Term
Somatosensation (touch) - what type of 'touch' sensed by each receptor type? Merkel's corpuscle - Free nerve endings - Meissner's corpuscle - Pascinian corpuscle - Ruffini corpuscle - |
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Definition
Merkel's corpuscle - regular touch Free nerve endings - pain Meissner's corpuscle - light touch Pascinian corpuscle - deep pressure Ruffini corpuscle - temperature |
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Term
Touch receptors project to Contralateral S1 (opp. side of body) for _____ sensation. S2 is for ____ _____ sensation like object ____ & ____. What info does S2 integrate?? |
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Definition
basic sensation more complex sensation like obj. texture & size S2 integrates info from both sides of body |
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Term
___ = color, more at fovea ___ = no color -The retino-____ pathway has the LGN in the thalamus as the middleman btw optic nerve & visual cortex for ___ vision. -The retino-_____ pathway goes thru the sup. colliculus in midbrain & the pulvinar in the thalamus before visual cortex for ___ vision. |
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Definition
cones = color rods = no color retino-geniculate = detailed vision retino-collicular = rough and ready vision, blindsight, when main pathway is damaged |
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Term
| for vision, parietal lobe does the where while the temporal lobe does the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
V1 is in the ___ cortex. ipsilateral = SAME ____ of body |
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Definition
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Term
V1 simple cell detects ____. At ___ states of visual processing, receptive fields get _____ so retinotopic maps are ____ prevalent |
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Definition
edges higher, bigger, less |
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Term
places with cells sensitive to motion (both dir. AND speed): 1) 2) 3) Visual _____ area MT (in ___) vs. cells sensitve to color are in: 1) 2) ____ in V1 3) V__ |
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Definition
in LGN in V2 in visual cortical area MT in V5 in LGN Blobs in V1 V4 |
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Term
| activation in MT and V4 is related to the 'percept' or perceived image rather than the ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
akinetopsia is deficit in ___ perception. caused by damage to area MT achromatopsia = deficit in ___ perception due to damage to V__ |
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Definition
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Term
____ processing is when some brain cells have more activity when more than one mode of stimuli present. this is why the common practice of ____ _____ makes people easier to understand and even get perceived as being louder. |
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Definition
multimodal reading lips / lip reading |
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Term
synesthesia = _____ processing that's sorta messed up. example: hearing colors. the _____ is the stimulus that triggers synesthesia. the concurrent is the experience itself. NOTE: the synesthesia-triggering stimulus (*******) MUST be perceived CONSCIOIUSLY (ie, you have to notice it) in order to elicit the concurrent. |
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Definition
multimodal inducer concurrent |
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Term
Analagous to processing at certain higher-order levels of vision being tied to the percept rather than the actual stimulus, ___ has been shown to be arising from events in a late stage of processing. |
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Definition
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