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| The outcome of brain development often predicts which other 2 kinds of development? |
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Definition
cognitive development & emotional development |
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| What type of scientist studies the relation between brain changes over the lifespan and changes in cognitive and emotional processes? |
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| a 'Developmental Cognitive Neuroscientist' |
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Term
| After 1 week a zygote becomes a ______ |
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2-3 weeks after fertilization the blastocyst becomes a ______. At this point, gametes (___ & ___) are set aside. |
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parts of the body that arise from teh ectoderm _____ ____ ____ facial ____ & ____ ____ cells |
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skin hair CNS facial bones & tissues sensory neurons pigment cells |
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body parts that arise from the mesoderm: ____ system ____ ___ / ____ ____ ______ tissue |
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circulatory system kidneys testes/ovaries muscle bone connective tissue (ligaments, cartilage) |
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body parts that arise from the endoderm: digestive organs -_____ -_____ -_____ -_____ _________ _________ |
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Definition
digestive organs: -stomach -liver -pancreas -intestines lungs thyroid |
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Nervous system development neural groove begins to develop - ___ days closes lengthwise forming a tube - ___ days a few days later, the 4 major brain divisions are observable: 1- 2- 3- 4- |
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Definition
20 days 22 days telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon |
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Step 1. Proliferation -occurs in ____ zone -rate can be ____k/min -___ phase (mitosis) = 2 duplicate cells - phase = one neuron created |
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Definition
ventricular zone 250k/min symmetrical asymmetrical |
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Step 2. Migration Neurons leave ____ zone with ____ glia acting as guide wires. Neuron attached to glia by cell ____ molecules. |
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Definition
ventricular zone w/ radial glia guide wires ... by cell surface molecules |
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Term
| fetal alcohol syndrome is due to disruption of neuronal _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| the radial unit hypothesis states that _____ in the ventricular zone are maintained in the ____ _____. |
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2. Migration is inside-out: word bank: 'first' 'last' neurons arrive: ____ in deepest cortical layers (5 and 6) ____ in most superficial layers (1 and 2) |
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Definition
first in deepest last in most superficial |
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Term
3. Differentiation 3 steps of differentiation: a) develop ____ (____ and ___) b) make _____ c) develop ____ _____ |
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Definition
processes (axons and dendrites) make NTs develop electrical conduction |
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(3. differrentiation) when is a neuron's type determined? |
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Definition
| during cell division in the ventricular zone |
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3. differentiation if embryonic cells from ventricular zone transplanted to a newborn host animal's brain they a) migrate to: b) take on the morphology that is: |
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Definition
migrate to the cortical layer expected for their age age-appropriate |
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Term
4. Aggregation What do neurons of the same type (e.g. pyramidal cells) do during this stage of nervous system development? |
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Definition
| they move together and form layers |
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Term
5. Synaptogenesis What happens in this phase? |
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Definition
| axons form a synapse with other neurons or tissue (eg muscle) |
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Term
5. synaptogenesis when does it begin? ____ weeks when does it peak? ___________ How many synapses per neuron in the cereberal cortex of a newborn? |
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Definition
begins - 23 weeks peaks - in the 1st year 2500 synapses per neuron (in cereb. cortex) |
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6. Neuron Death What % of neurons born in embryonic/fetal development don't survive? |
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7. Synaptic Pruning What is it? |
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Definition
| use it or lose it analogy: synapses that get used get stronger and those that don't get used get pruned. |
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7. synaptic pruning What leads to the overabundance of synapses? How many synapses per cereb cortex neuron by age 2 or 3? How many for an avg adult? What is one condition associated with too much pruning? |
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Definition
-synaptogenesis ~ 15000 ~7500 -too much associated w/ schizo |
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Term
7. syn. pruning The progression of pruning can vary by _____ region |
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Definition
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8. myelination What is myelin made of? Myelin :: increases / decreases :: conduction velocity After birth, myelination: a) stops completely b) slows down c) continues at the same pace but only until puberty d) continues into adulthood |
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Definition
it's lipid/protein increases v d) continues to adulthood |
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Term
Full myelination is achieved around age ___. Some people believe this is related to the ___ behaviors associated with that age and the years preceding it. |
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Term
| the brain's plasticity is central to understanding _______ as well as recovery from ______. |
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Visual cortex plasticity in early V1 regions, L/R eye inputs segregated into _____ dominance columns. if sew one of cat's eyes shut during critical period, can't see out of that eye ever for neural reasons what happens if try it to adult cat? _____ |
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Definition
ocular dominance columns results for adult are halfway between the kitten and an adult that's never been deprived |
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the main point of the blindfold/braille plasticity study was that if deprived of sight, neurons from the ______ system can handle ________ processing. (because of plasticity) brain imaging revealed that: upon tactile stimulation, greater activity in the ____ cortex was observed for those that had been blindfolded effect lasted only ___ hours |
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Plasticity examples for somatosensory cortex: 1) (already knew) - monkey finger amputated, its associated neurons became associated w/ ____ fingers 2) man w/ arm amputation felt as if his ___ was being touched every time his face was touched 3) violin players have _____ somatosens. rep.s of certain digits |
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Definition
neighboring hand / (arm) larger / greater |
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Term
| shortest time for motor cortex reorganization: |
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Definition
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Less-specific plasticity example with rats and their environments: enriched env = ? exercise = ? both = ? |
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Definition
enriched env. = more synapses per neuron (esp. in hippocampus) exercise = bigger capillaries in brain both = better survival rate for new neurons in the hippocampus |
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Term
Hydrocephalus is increased ______ size due to excessive _______. Can compress brain leading to ______ and/or ______. sometimes also causes massive cortical ______. |
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Definition
ventricle, csf convulsions, retardation reorganization |
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Term
Hydrocephalus example: French guy w/ below avg IQ but not retarded. had weak left leg. It was determined he had hyd.ceph. What was the reason concluded for his weakness and/or below avg iq? |
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Definition
| lateral ventricles were SO large, there was very little actual brain tissue (like as if brain was hollowed out) |
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short-term effects of plasticity - ____ connections that already existed may be unveiled. Is it... a) region that had weak cnxns is damaged. when new cnxns form they happen to form as strong cnxns. OR b) a certain neural pathway consists of weak cnxns but is never used cuz a diff. pathway is used. that diff. pathway is damaged so now the one w/ weak cnxns is used where weak cnxns were never used b4 for that process. - may contribute to _______ in motor cortex following _____. |
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Definition
weak reorginazation, amputation |
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in long-term plasticity leads to growth of new _______ and/or _______. **Not much else is known! |
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